Measuring Media Effectiveness in Bangladesh Essay

The media comprises predominantly of TV, radio, press, web and film. This immense measure of cash is spent on promoting essentially to create:Advertising/Total Brand Awareness: Consumer has been acquainted with or reminded about the Brand Familiarity: Consumer perceives explicit brand names Brand Imagery: Consumer concurs with positive ascribes explicit to singular brands Purchase Intent: Consumer plans to buy the brand So, as a major measure of cash is related to the media, the advertisers endeavor o know how helpful these media will be in accomplishing these objectives. Advertisers have gotten progressively mindful of the ramifications of a changing media scene. For instance, proceeding with media discontinuity implies that a progressively mind boggling exhibit of media plans are conceivable. Given that a few media plans will be significantly more fruitful than others at drawing in with purchasers and conveying showcasing gainfulness, advertisers need to realize how to build the ch ances of finding the ideal media blend to make promoting progress. 1. 1 Motivation and Rationale of Study Individuals from various segment bunches are presented to media in various manners. And furthermore not every person is presented to all the media. So it is significant for the advertiser to know which media will be proper to arrive at his objective market and when and how that media ought to be utilized. The advertiser needs to know how successful will a media be to accomplish the showcasing objectives. There are a few Medias like TV, press, radio, web and film and consequently the advertiser has to know which media will draw out the best result from his commercials. In such a case that the advertiser can't arrive at the objective market with the chose media, the assigned spending will be squandered and the promoting objectives won't be accomplished This examination paper has attempted to take care of these issues of the advertiser by giving a thought regarding the media setting of Bangladesh. This examination clarifies how helpful the TV, radio, print and web media will be in creating:Advertising/Total Brand Awareness: Consumer has been acquainted with or reminded about the Brand Familiarity: Consumer perceives explicit brand names Brand Imagery: Consumer concurs with positive credits explicit to singular brands Purchase Intent: Consumer expects to buy the brand 1. 2 Method of Study The strategy utilized for this exploration was Personal in home overview where the specialist by and by visited the respondents with the poll and asked and disclosed the inquiries to the respondents. So the respondent comprehends the inquiries obviously and can think before they answer. An example size of 100 was chosen through advantageous testing strategy yet in addition extraordinary consideration has been taken about keeping up a reasonable blend of various age gatherings and sexual orientations to get a fair outcome. As this exploration just endeavors to gauge the media viability, so the accompanying 2 presumptions/theory are made:1. All media are similarly costly 2. All notices are of equivalent quality These two suppositions are made to take out the blunders in estimating the media adequacy. In such a case that these two presumptions are acknowledged then the accomplishment of the notice will exclusively rely upon which media was utilized. 1. 3 Overall Objective The general goal of this exploration paper is to gauge the adequacy of media in Bangladesh by discovering the impact of every media on accomplishing the promoting objectives.

Seven Approaches to Studying the Human Body

When examining the human body, there are seven hierarchical methodologies. Each approach contemplates the body in an alternate yet one of a kind way and is utilized in the medicinal services field. The methodologies comprise of; body planes and headings, body pits, quadrants and locales, life systems and physiology, infinitesimal and naturally visible, body frameworks and clinical claims to fame. There are three body planes which utilize various bearings: coronal, sagittal, and transverse planes. Coronal plane cuts the body from head to toe giving a front and back view.There are two bearings that are connected with it; foremost back, moving from the outside of the body through the foremost part then the back segment, and back front, which is its converse. Sagittal plane chops the body directly down the center giving a privilege and left view. Moving medially is to go inwards or towards the center of the body all things considered and to go along the side is as though moving out or fr om the midline towards the outside of the body. In conclusion, transverse plane partitions the body giving a top and base segments. The top half is predominant and the lower half is inferior.Moving cephalad is moving superiorly, and cuadad is moving poorly. Radiologists would utilize this methodology when seeing x-beams or MRI sweeps to separate how the picture was taken. There are five areas of honor space, known as depressions, in the human body, all of which extend one another. Beginning from the head is the cranial pit that secures the mind, at that point the spinal depression that movements down the center of the back, at that point in the chest is the thoracic hole where the lungs, heart and throat are, next is the stomach cavity which is around the muscular strength and last is the pelvic pit where the hip bones lay.An ultrasound professional would utilize this methodology when anticipating pictures from inside the body hole onto the screen. The way to deal with use quadrants and areas is to split the abdominopelvic region into four sections, which are quadrants, and afterward into nine sections out of that which give you districts. (â€Å"Scribd. com†, 2010) This strategy can be utilized as a source of perspective to where the organs are situated in which region. For example, in the left lower quadrant is the lower some portion of the kidney, some portion of the colon, and the left ovary for ladies. This sort of chart would help ith position the organs. In the wellbeing field, doctors allude to this during an interior test. As indicated by â€Å"Degreedirectory. org† (1999), life systems contemplates the structure of organs and cells. Since cells are a tiny size the most ideal approach to consider, utilizing this methodology is with a magnifying lens, which is, a device used to look at cells. Physiology is the investigation of the capacity of organ and cells. Organs are of a naturally visible size that implies it tends to be seen with the unaided eye. These methodologies can be utilized from numerous points of view in wellbeing care.An orthopedic would examine muscles and ligaments or an immunologist would consider platelets utilizing a magnifying instrument. The human body is comprised of a few distinct sorts of frameworks. This implies every framework is comprised of a couple of organs, which synchronize with each other and work as a unit. Organs can't perform without the assistance of different organs in their unit. The entirety of the organs bolster each other to play out their capacities. The gastrointestinal framework separates the nourishments we eat into protein, nutrients, fats and starches, which is utilized for vitality, development and repair.The organs in the respiratory framework are the nose, trachea and lungs. These organs help carry air into the body and dispense with the carbon dioxide. There is a framework that goes about as a protection called the lymphatic framework and goes through the entire b ody. This system’s fundamental capacity is to make white platelets that go about as malady battling antibodies. The integumentary framework comprises of the skin, hair, nails, organs, and nerves. This system’s fundamental capacity is to act like a hindrance to monitor the body from the outside world. The skeletal framework secures the organs.It is comprised of bones, tendons, joints and ligaments. It gives backing and structure to the body and a spot for muscle connection and development. At the end of the day, it holds the body up. Without the skeletal framework the human body would be not able to walk or hold up. The solid framework works with the skeletal framework to control the development of the human body. There are two kinds of muscles; ones that are deliberate, for example, moving an arm or leg and ones that are automatic and follow up on their own, for example, the beating of a warmth or stomach.

How Psychoanalysis Influenced the Field of Psychology

How Psychoanalysis Influenced the Field of Psychology History and Biographies Print The Influence of Psychoanalysis on the Field of Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 13, 2019 Laurence Mouton / Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Basic Tenets History Important Milestones Major Thinkers Key  Ideas Weaknesses Strengths Modern Relevance Support and Criticism Its Past and Present Its Future View All Back To Top Psychoanalysis  is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques that have their origin in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud. The core idea at the center of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories. By bringing the content of the unconscious into conscious awareness, people are then able to experience  catharsis  and gain insight into their current state of mind. Through this process, people are then able to find relief from psychological disturbances and distress. Basic Tenets of Psychoanalysis The way that people behave is influenced by their unconscious drivesThe development of personality is heavily influenced by the events of early childhood; Freud suggested that personality was largely set in stone by the age of five.Bringing information from the unconscious into consciousness can lead to catharsis and allow people to deal with the issuePeople utilize a number of defense mechanisms to protect themselves from information contained in the unconsciousEmotional and psychological problems such as depression and anxiety are often rooted in conflicts between the conscious and unconscious mindA skilled analyst can help bring certain aspects of the unconscious into awareness by using a variety of psychoanalytic strategies such as dream analysis and free association History of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud  was the founder of psychoanalysis and the psychodynamic approach to psychology. This school of thought emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements:  the id, the ego, and the superego. Freuds theories of  psychosexual stages, the unconscious, and dream symbolism remain a popular topic among both psychologists and lay persons, despite the fact that his work is sometimes viewed with skepticism by many today. Many of  Freuds observations and theories  were based on clinical cases and case studies, making his findings difficult to generalize to a larger population. Regardless, Freuds theories changed how we think about the human mind and behavior and left a lasting mark on psychology and culture. Another theorist associated with psychoanalysis is  Erik Erikson. Erikson expanded upon Freuds theories and stressed the importance of growth throughout the lifespan. Eriksons  psychosocial stage theory of personality remains influential today in our understanding of human development. According to the American Psychoanalytic Association, psychoanalysis helps people understand themselves by exploring the impulses they often do not recognize because they are hidden in the unconscious. Today, psychoanalysis encompasses not only psychoanalytic therapy but also applied psychoanalysis (which applies psychoanalytic principles to real-world settings and situations) as well as neuro-psychoanalysis (which applied neuroscience to psychoanalytic topics such as dreams and repression). While traditional Freudian approaches may have fallen out of favor, modern approaches to psychoanalytic therapy emphasize a nonjudgmental and empathetic approach. Clients are able to feel safe as they explore feelings, desires, memories, and stressors that can lead to psychological difficulties. Research has also demonstrated that the self-examination utilized in the psychoanalytic process can help contribute to long-term emotional growth. Important Milestones 1856 â€" Sigmund Freud was born1886 â€" Freud first began providing therapy1892 â€" Josef Breuer described the case of Anna O to Freud1895 â€" Anna Freud was born1900 â€" Sigmund Freud published his book  The Interpretation of Dreams1896 â€" Sigmund Freud first coined the term psychoanalysis1907 â€" The Vienna Psychoanalytic Society was formed1908 â€" The first international meeting of psychoanalysts was held1909 â€" Freud made his first and only trip to the United States1913 â€" Jung broke from Freud and psychoanalysis1936 â€" The Vienna Psychoanalytic Society was renamed and became the International Psychoanalytic Association1939 â€" Sigmund Freud died in London following a long battle with mouth cancer Major Thinkers Sigmund Freud  was the founder of psychoanalysis, but other thinkers including his own daughter  Anna Freud  also left a significant mark of the field as it grew and evolved. Some of these important theorists included  Erik Erikson,  Erich Fromm,  and Carl Jung. Other key psychoanalysts include  Karl Abraham,  Otto Rank, John Bowlby,  Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, and  Sabina Spielrein. Key  Ideas Psychoanalysis also involves a number of different terms and ideas related to the mind, personality, and treatment. Case Studies A case study  is defined as an in-depth study of one person. Some of Freuds most famous case studies include Dora, Little Hans, and  Anna O. and had a powerful influence on the development of his psychoanalytic theory. In a case study, the researcher attempts to look very intensely at every aspect of an individuals life. By carefully studying the person so closely, the hope is that the researcher can gain insight into how that persons history contributes to their current behavior. While the hope is that the insights gained during a case study might apply to others, it is often difficult to generalize the results because case studies tend to be so subjective. The Conscious and Unconscious Mind The  unconscious mind  includes all of the things that are outside of our conscious awareness. These might include early childhood memories, secret desires, and hidden drives. According to Freud, the unconscious contains things that may be unpleasant or even socially unacceptable. Because these things might create pain or conflict, they are buried in the unconscious.   While these thoughts, memories, and urges might be outside of our awareness, they continue to influence the way that we think, act and behave. In some cases, the things outside of our awareness can influence behavior in negative ways and lead to psychological distress.   The  conscious mind  includes everything that is inside of our awareness. The contents of the conscious mind are the things we are aware of or can easily bring into awareness. The Id, Ego, and Superego Id: Freud believed that personality was composed of three key elements. The first of these to emerge is known as the id. The id contains all of the unconscious, basic and primal urges. Ego:  The second aspect of personality to emerge is known as the ego. This is the part of the personality that must deal with the demands of reality. It helps control the urges of the id and makes us behave in ways that are both realistic and acceptable. Rather than engaging in behaviors designed to satisfy our desires and needs, the ego forces us to fulfill our needs in ways that are socially acceptable and realistic.  In addition to controlling the demands of the id, the ego also helps strike a balance between our basic urges, our ideals, and reality. Superego:  The superego is the final aspect of personality to emerge and it contains our ideals and values. The values and beliefs that our parents and society instill in us are the guiding force of the superego and it strives to make us behave according to these morals. The Egos Defense Mechanisms A  defense mechanism  is a strategy that the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety. These defensive tools act as a safeguard to keep the unpleasant or distressing aspects of the unconscious from entering awareness. When something seems too overwhelming or even inappropriate, defense mechanisms help keep the information from entering consciousness in order to minimize distress. Weaknesses Psychoanalysis grew in its influence over the course of the early twentieth century, but it was not without its critics.   Freuds theories overemphasized the unconscious mind, sex, aggression and childhood experiences.Many of the concepts proposed by psychoanalytic theorists are difficult to measure and quantify.Most of Freuds ideas were based on case studies and clinical observations rather than empirical, scientific research. Strengths Despite its critics, psychoanalysis played an important role in the development of psychology. It influenced our approach to the treatment of mental health issues and continues to exert an influence in psychology to this day. While most psychodynamic theories did not rely on experimental research, the methods and theories of psychoanalytic thinking contributed to the development of experimental psychology.Many of the theories of personality developed by psychodynamic thinkers are still influential today, including  Eriksons theory of psychosocial stages  and  Freuds psychosexual stage theory.Psychoanalysis opened up a new view on mental illness, suggesting that talking about problems with a professional could help relieve symptoms of psychological distress. Modern Relevance When you ask people to list the things that spring to mind when they think about psychology, Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis pop up quite frequently. There is no question that psychoanalysis, both as a therapeutic approach and theoretical outlook, has certainly left its mark on psychology. There are a few people still left who take a purely psychoanalytical point of view on human behavior. Most psychologists today employ a more eclectic approach to the field of psychology. In fact, many contemporary psychologists view psychoanalysis with skepticism. Some even feel derision for Freuds school of thought. But is this fair? In a world of  psychology  where cognitive processes, neuroscience, and biopsychology dominates, is there still room for psychoanalysis? There have been a few recent reports on the general decline of traditional psychoanalysis: A report published by the American Psychoanalytic Association found that psychology departments typically treat  psychoanalysis  purely as a historical artifact, while subjects such as art, literature, history, and other humanities subjects were more likely to teach psychoanalysis as an ongoing and relevant topic.A 2007 article in  The New York Times  also noted the decline of psychoanalysis within psychology. So why has psychoanalysis fallen by the wayside as an academic topic within psychology? Part of the problem, some suggest, stems from psychoanalysiss failure to test the validity of its therapeutic approach and earlier failures to ground the discipline in evidence-based practices. Support and Criticism Criticisms aimed at psychoanalysis: Some suggest that psychoanalysis is not as effective as other treatments. Part of the reason many are so skeptical of psychoanalysis today is that the body of evidence supporting its effectiveness has often been viewed as weak. However, some of the research on the effectiveness of psychoanalysis has yielded support for this treatment modality. One meta-analysis found that psychoanalysis could be as effective as other therapeutic approaches. Other studies suggest that psychoanalysis may be effective in the treatment of depression, drug dependence, and  panic disorder. In one recent review looking at the effectiveness of psychoanalysis, researcher and psychoanalyst Peter Fonagy suggested that that psychodynamic therapy could be effective in the treatment of depression, eating disorders, somatic disorders, and some anxiety disorders. Psychoanalysis often requires an investment of time, money, and effort. Another issue is that psychoanalysis is generally a long-term proposition. We live in a time when people seek fast-results and approaches that yield an effect in days, weeks  or months -  psychoanalytic therapy  often involves a client and therapist exploring issues over a period of years. Using the criteria established for evidence-based treatment, traditional psychoanalysis alone does not, in fact, pass muster as a method of therapy for the large majority of  psychological disorders, suggested psychologist Susan Krauss Whitbourne in an  article  for  Psychology Today. However, to dismiss Freud’s contributions as irrelevant to psychology, as [the  New York Times  article] implies, is an oversimplification. Past and Present Many of Freuds ideas have fallen out of favor in psychology, but that certainly does not mean that his work is without merit. His approach to therapy - the suggestion that mental illness was treatable and that talking about problems could bring relief - was a revolutionary concept that left a lasting mark on how we approach the treatment of mental illness. And research has supported at least some of Freuds original ideas. Recent reviews of neuroscientific work confirm that many of Freuds original observations, not least the pervasive influence of non-conscious processes and the organizing function of emotions for thinking, have found confirmation in laboratory studies, explained Peter Fonagy in an article published in  World Psychiatry. It is also important to remember that  Sigmund Freud  was also very much a product of his time. While he was known for his oftentimes audacious theories (considered especially shocking during the Victorian period), his view of the world was colored by the time in which he lived. So what path would psychoanalysis take today if Freud were alive in our time? If Freud were alive today, writes Fonagy, he would be keenly interested in new knowledge about brain functioning, such as how neural nets develop in relation to the quality of early relationships, the location of specific capacities with functional scans, the discoveries of molecular genetics and behavioral genomics and he would surely not have abandoned his cherished Project for a Scientific Psychology, the abortive work in which he attempted to develop a neural model of behavior. One important thing to note, explains Whitbourne, is that while psychoanalysis might be on the decline, it does not mean that the  psychodynamic perspective  is dead. Psychologists today talk about the  psychodynamic, not the  psychoanalytic perspective, she writes, As such, this perspective refers to the dynamic forces within our personalities whose shifting movements underlie much of the basis for our observable behavior. Psychoanalysis is a much narrower term referring to the Freudian-based notion that to understand, and treat, abnormal behavior, our  unconscious  conflicts must be worked through. Psychoanalysis as Freud conceived it might certainly be on the decline, but that doesnt mean that the psychodynamic perspective has disappeared or that it will be going anywhere soon. The Future of Psychoanalysis So what can psychoanalysis do to ensure its continued relevance in the world of psychology? According to Fonagy, an emphasis on science is the key.Empirical research and evidence-based treatments need to be explored in greater depth.Fonagy also suggests that improved data-gathering methods, consideration of other possible explanations for behavior, and active collaboration with other mental health professionals can improve the legitimacy and relevance of psychoanalytic methods.Some current efforts to revitalize psychoanalysis focus on psychoanalytic concepts that are more evidence-based (such as attachment theory) or on connecting Freuds idea of the unconscious to modern neuroscience. Clearly, Freuds mark on psychology is still being felt today.  Talk therapy may be best associated with psychoanalysis, but therapists often utilize this technique in a range of other treatment approaches including  client-centered therapy,  and  group therapy. Psychoanalysis might not be the force it was back in 1910, but Freuds theories have had a lasting influence on both popular culture and psychology.