The contemporary issues in India Research Paper - 1

The contemporary issues in India - Research Paper Example The country is suffering from the problem of corruption and this is restricting the human development efforts in the country. Human trafficking is also an issue that is tarnishing the reputation of the country and many people are being trafficked from India into other countries. The increasing population of India is also a major problem the country is facing. All these issues will be discussed in great detail in the essay. Corruption, human trafficking, and increasing population are the three issues that will be discussed in the essay. Corruption is one of the most major issues India is facing today. Many institutions of the country like politics, bureaucracy, and law enforcement institutions all are suffering from the deadly disease of corruption (Express India, p.1). India became an independent state in 1947, before then it was a British colony. In more than half of a century the institutions of the country have not developed enough and this is why the problem of corruption exists in the country. The lack of infrastructure in the country may also be responsible for corruption because people working for the civil services know that they will not be caught while taking bribes. This lack of fear of conviction is one of the major reasons of growth of corruption in India. India is facing corruption problems at the grass root level. It is not just the institutional level of corruption that is haunting India. Lower level civil employees have developed a habit of taking bribes from the ordinary citizens. It is common for very small restaurant owners to pay bribes even to stay open for longer hours (Burke, p.1). This level of prevalence of corruption is extremely dangerous because eradicating it becomes impossible. Top level corruption can be controlled by changing the management of the country through effective leadership but lower level of corruption means that the

Impact of Cultural Factors on International Marketing Essay

Impact of Cultural Factors on International Marketing - Essay Example Cultural Theories †¢ Hofstede’s Dimensions A Dutch researcher, Gert Hofstede, after conducting a wide research found that culture possess four important dimensions. They include: †¢ Collectivism vs. Individualism †¢ Masculinity vs. Femininity †¢ Power Distance †¢ Avoidance of Uncertainty Individual vs. Collectivism determines the belief of people in a sense that whether they consider reward and responsibility individual or at larger group level. In country like Japan, it is considered as neutral while U.K, U.S and Netherlands are more inclined towards individualism. West Africa and Indonesia are more concerned in collectivism and receiving responsibility and rewards at larger group level. Products and services which are considered as environmental friendly are considered as more feministic because female gender is more cautious and sensitive about these matters. Power distance refers to segregating individuals on the basis of status and ranks. It is most commonly observed in Arab and Latin American countries. Countries which are more uncertainty avoidance are tend to inclined towards risk averse and those which have lower uncertainty avoidance are considered as more risk tolerant countries. (Onkvisit, 2008)... influence while marketing a brand internationally include: Age Group or Gender Taste preference, and interest of consumers differ with age group and gender. The perspective and attitude of people matters a lot which varies from country to country. Preferences and interest of people living in Latin America will be entirely different from Asian Countries. In this regard, it is essential to localize a product to certain extent so that it can gain popularity in respective country. Population Higher population means bigger market. Therefore, it is essential to consider the tactics of catering mass number of people. The problem that arises with population is that large number of people can have diverse needs. So, it is vital to select a product that fits to the needs of every individual. Educational Background Underdeveloped countries generally possess low rate of literacy as compared to developed countries. Therefore, many products which require higher educational proficiency cannot be su ccessful in countries having lower rate of literacy. Social Class Large population refers to having multi-social classes. Social classes are also called as economic class which means dividing the target market on the basis of their income, education, background etc. Many products are developed for particular social classes for instance products of Apple Inc. cannot be purchased by every social class and are specially designed for elite class of people. Geographical Concentration Geographical concentration is referred to as developing products for specific market condition. Geographical concentration means that every country selects products on the basis of the concentration of demands present in that country for that product. The number of that product will be determined by the society in

The Negative Impacts Of Globalisation

The Negative Impacts Of Globalisation Pepperell reviews the inherent developments that characterize the process of globalisation and the implication that they have had on Algerians culture. In chapter one, he ascertains that globalisation has had significant impacts on the Algerian football and sport. Increasingly, the teams are expected to adhere to certain standards in order to attain global recognition. Thus their traditional values suffer detrimental effects as a result of erosion. The only limitation for this study pertains to its limited scope. Ngwainmbi, E. (2000), Africa in the Global Infosupermarket: Perspectives and Prospects. Journal of Black Studies, 30 (4), p 534-52 The author cites that technological advancements have adverse effects on the cultural and value systems of developing countries such as Africa. According to him, it has culminated in inequality as very few individuals can afford the technology and employ it for beneficial purposes. He recommends that respective governments are still faced with the challenge of educating the masses about the importance of technology and empowering them to have unlimited access to it. The study was considered important for the subject under review because of its useful insights regarding the impacts of technology on African culture. Barber, B.S. (1995), Jihad vs. McWorld, London: Random House The author describes globalisation as a process which produces a backlash. As a reaction to the supposed loss of their traditional values, lots of people from the third world retreat into religious fundamentalism. Barber was the first who puts Jihad and McWorld together. Herman, E. R. McChesney (1997), The Global Media: The New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism. New York: Continuum The authors put into focus the main agent of the spreading out of predominantly U.S values over the globe: The Media. For Herman McChesney, globalisation of media is predominantly related to capitalism and any expansion of a global culture destabilises the countrys ability to protect its Own culture, which is undermined by the wide-reaching wave of consumer culture. Rudra, N. (2002), Globalisation and the Decline of Welfare State in Less-Developed Countries, International Organization, Vol.56, p 411-445. Rudra explores the social and cultural issues in developing countries and underscores their relationship to globalisation. She maintains that Algeria for instance suffers the negative impacts of unemployment, low political power and lack of vital skills. She challenges political leaders to be more responsible about improving social welfare programs. By highlighting the relationship between social and cultural concerns and globalisation in Algeria, the study contributed immensely to the subject under review. Mander, J Goldsmith, E. (1996), The Case Against the Global Economy and for a Turn Toward the Local, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books The authors have provided useful information regarding the negative impacts of globalisation on the cultural aspect of the society. By use of essays, they recommend that developing countries need to use local technologies in order to enhance sustainability. Various deductions that are related to this study contribute significantly to the review at hand. Bhargava, R. (2003), India in the face of globalisation, [Online]: http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-world/article_1006.jsp. Accessed on 05/08/2010 In his article, India in the face of globalisation, Rajeev Bhargava agrees to the only negative facets of globalisation and states that globalisation has to be combated, tamed or at least given a more human face. The focus was on globalisation in terms of how it affects both culture and trade in everydays world life. Schirato, T Webb, D. (2003), Understanding Globalisation, London: Sage The author dedicates an entire chapter to the exploration of the impacts of globalisation on culture within the developing world. From his point of view, third world economies that have blindly adopted international policies as opposed to domesticating them are likely to suffer devastating impacts as opposed to their counterparts. Speth, J. (2003), Worlds Apart: Globalisation and the Environment, USA: Island Press Speth asserts that globalisation has made the native societies to explore economic benefits of natural resources. This has culminated in environmental deterioration as a result of erosion of cultural values that were fundamental in environmental conservation. It is for this consideration that he study was considered imperative for the subject under review. Hefner, R.W. (1998), Market Cultures, Society and Morality in the New Asian Capitalism, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. In discussions of cultural identity and Islam which is the religion of 99% of Algerian population, the author states that consumer culture has more often damaging effects on religion in terms of pleasure and hedonism. Marling, W. (2006), How America is Globalisation, Baltimore: J.H University Press The author ascertains the Americanization has had negative impacts on the local languages, education systems and eating habits of the natives societies. This has in return culminated in a change in local cultures as American values are adopted to address the needs of the native societies. The in depth exploration of these concerns influenced the adoption of this review for the current study. Schumpeter J. (1975), Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy New York: Harper The author is the 1st one who famously labelled capitalism as a process of creative destruction. Although this worldwide expansion may help to boost economic, political and technological development, lots of people around the globe are worried about the impact that the capitalist phenomenon on the most precious characteristics of their cultural identity. Even though, globalisation can be considered as an extremely educational process by giving opportunities to gain new ideas and experiences, no destruction can be considered as creative. Cowen, T. (2002), Creative Destruction, How Globalisation is Changing the Worlds Cultures, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Reporting the work of Joseph Schumpeter (capitalism is a process of Creative Destruction.), the author uses a wide array of examples to underscore the different impacts of globalisation on world cultures. Essentially, he indicates that this has culminated in the development of a global culture and diversity has been compromised. He cites developing countries such as Algeria to have suffered the most because their cultural attributes are seldom incorporated in the world culture. It is for this reason that this study was considered imperative for this study. Hjavard, S. (2010), The globalisation of language, How Media Contribute to the Spread Of English and the Emergence of Medialects, [Online]: http://nordicom.gu.se/common/publ_pdf/157_075-098.pdf, Accessed on 19/07/2010 Hjavard asserts that the English language (French for Algeria) has increasingly assumed an elevated position is global operations. The article affirms that the media has played an integral role in perpetuating this state of affirms. Notably, Algeria has not been exempted from this and a global language is employed in communication. This has had negative impacts on the languages of the natives that have been threatened by erosion. Skutnabb-Kangas, T Phillipson, R. (2001), Language ecology: Dominance, Minoritization, Linguicide and Linguistic Rights. Copenhagen: Marianne The authors speak of linguistic genocide and point accusing fingers at cultural globalisation. Among the principal perpetrators of this linguistic (and cultural) genocide are formal education and mass media, and behind them are economic and political actors on a macro-level. Instead of speaking of death, which signifies a natural and unavoidable process, the 2 authors use the term mass murder to point out the premeditated nature of the phenomenon. Muyale-Manenji, F. (2007), The Effects of Globalisation on the Culture of Africa in the Eyes of an African Woman, [Online]: http://wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/jpc/effglob.html Accessed on 19/07/2010 The article ascertains that in the modern time, culture has become increasingly dynamic as a result of globalisation. The Algerian experience has not been exceptional as cultural aspects such as music, language and mode of dressing among others are exposed to various changes on a daily basis. It is for this reason that the study was considered imperative for the subject under review. Lipton, M. (1977), Why Poor People Stay Poor, Urban Bias in World Development, London: Temple Smith The author indicates that the current state of developing economies can be contributed to a blind assumption of western modes of production. The erosion of critical values according to him has contributed to the current crisis. The impacts of globalisation have been implicated for this state of affairs. Pereira, W Seabrook, J. (1994), Global Parasites, Five Hundred Years of Western Culture, Bombay: Earthcare Books To begin with, the authors indicate that the current state of developing countries with regard to culture is worrying. This can be attributed to the globalisation trends that have compelled traditional communities to assume modern cultural values. This has led to assumption of western practices at the expense of the welfare of the locals. Western countries are labelled parasites by the authors because of the inherent lack of sustainability and injustice of the relationships they share with developing economies. Shiva, V. (1988), Staying Alive, Women Ecology and Development, London: Zed Books As a woman the author begins by underscoring the benefits of women on the environment. She indicates that women of developing countries used to interact in a sustainable manner with the environment before the introduction of globalisation. She blames globalisation for erosion of vital cultural beliefs, practices and taboos that were imperative in environmental protection. Huntington, P. (1993), The Clash of Civilization, Foreign Affairs, 72(3), p 22 In a journal article titled The Clash of Civilizations, which was later developed into a full book, the Harvard University Professor has produced one of the influencing later work on the concept that cultural identity will be the principal aspect that divides the world. He states: The fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. (1993, p 22) Huntington, P. (1996), The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York: Touchstone Huntington states that globalisation has had far reaching impacts on global populations. This is because most of its values and virtues conflict with the traditional value system. Specifically, cultural aspects of traditional populations in countries such as Algeria have suffered the most as they have been eroded. This information was considered important for the study at hand. Schaeffer, K. (2002), Understanding Globalisation, The Social Consequences of Political, Economic and Environmental Change, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield The author provides important information regarding the social consequences of globalisation. With regard to the cultural transformations, the author cites that the development of a global culture has enabled all countries to assume similar values and virtues that are fundamental for harmonic living. Native populations of Algeria according to the author can be able to interact effectively with the rest of the global populations. With an economy that is depended on the production of other countries, this is undoubtedly essential for effective functioning. Waters, M. (1995), Globalisation, London: Rutledge According to waters, one main impact that globalisation has had on the population of the developing countries such as Algeria is the migration of individuals to other parts of the globe in search for better standards of living. This is because of the adoption of new cultural ideals which have had both positive and negative impacts. Hjavard, S. (2010), The globalisation of language, How Media Contribute to the Spread Of English and the Emergence of Medialects, [Online]: http://nordicom.gu.se/common/publ_pdf/157_075-098.pdf Accessed on 19/07/2010. This paper highlights the supremacy of English language over other languages. As English language has progressed toward paramountcy, the status of other languages such as French, Spanish, Arabic, German, Russian, etc., has changed. At the same time, lots of languages and dialects are actually in danger of disappearance. Some hundreds of languages are considered to be spoken by very few, elderly people if not virtually extinct. Rich, B. (1994), Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment and Crisis of Development, Boston: Beacon Press, The author indicates that current developments have increasingly undermined environmental sustainability. The underlying objectives of economic development have been questioned by the author on the premise that they essentially seek to benefit the north. The South on the other hand suffers devastating effects that stem from assumption of western cultural ideals. Dayan, D. (2001), The Peculiar Public of Television. Media, Culture and Society, 23 (6), pp 743-765. The author argues that the development of a common global culture was greatly contributed to by technology such as television. This enlaces free flow of information to different segments of the society. Since it has portrayed the western culture to be ideal, traditional culture in the South is threatened by complete erosion.

Birthmark Essay -- essays research papers fc

Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a time of great change in America. In the mid-nineteenth century, Americans began to experience a shift in focus from the once stringent religious outlook to a more scientific view of the world and its natural wonders. Americans, however, did look at these new scientific discoveries with much hesitation, questioning their long-term effects on society as a whole. Hawthorne’ s work, â€Å"The Birth Mark echoes these sentiments and combine natural faith with a confidence in science to make a very interesting tale. This tale and its morality convey a message to the reader that there is a price for tampering with the natural order of things. This story opens by explaining how educated and knowledgeable Aylmer is, and the narrator even suggests that he may have the power to alter nature. â€Å" We know not whether Aylmer possesses this degree of faith in man’s ultimate control over nature (Birthmark, 1262 ).†As Aylmer tries to use science to alter nature, or in this case, the birthmark on his wife’s cheek, his plan backfires and his wife dies. The death of Georgiana shows that knowledge is dangerous if used in the wrong way. The influence of the evolution of culture has caused men to educate themselves, and learn extensive amounts about science. However, some men like Aylmer take advantage of their intelligence and try to play the role of God. Aylmer allowed his mind to consume his heart, resulting in the senseless death of his beautiful wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  &n...

Coming of Age: Esperanza Rising Essay

Most kids seem to think that going to school and getting an education is boring and even a waste of time but that was not the case for these two girls. Francie Nolan and Esperanza Cordero are two very different characters that come from very different backgrounds. However, for both of them, education played a pivotal role as they matured. It helped them escape reality, and opened the door for a better life. For Francie Nolan education was something that was always stressed in her family. Her mother Katie made her and Neeley read either the encyclopedia or some of the works of Shakespeare, every night before they went to bed. This greatly expanded their knowledge and vocabulary. Also, since she started them doing this at a young age what they read would help shape their mind and the lessons and things they might have learned would stay with them forever. Some things she read like A Midsummer Night’s Dream have very vivid descriptions of setting and very intriguing characters. I think that after Francie reads these novels she tries to come up with her own descriptions for Brooklyn, â€Å"Prairie was lovely and Shenandoah had a beautiful sound but you couldn’t fit these words into Brooklyn. Serene was the only word. Especially on a Saturday afternoon in the summer.†(Smith 1) These words show how Francie describes her city and the words she uses are far more advanced than what any other child her age would be Steers 2 saying. Therefore, this shows the positive effect that reading Shakespeare has had on her. Besides the books she is forced to read at night, Francie takes her education into her own hands. Every Saturday, while most other kids she knows, including her own brother Neeley, are outside playing or picking rags to give to the junkman, Francie goes to the library. â€Å"It was an old shabby place but Francie thought it was beautiful. The feeling she had about it was the same feeling she had about church.†(Smith 20) This shows me that Francie feels safe in the library and she goes there to escape reality, to dive into the new and exciting worlds those books present to her. The books also help Francie escape reality in the sense that they give her peace in a time and a city where that was hard to find. â€Å"†¦ She read, at peace with the world and as happy as a little girl could be with a good book and a bowlful of candy.†(Smith 24) As she watches from her perch on a tree outside her window, â€Å"Kids ran in and out, going to and returning from the butcher’s, the grocer’s, and the bakers†(Smith 24) From Francie’s perspective all the kids, most of them probably around her age, are very stressed as they run around doing errands for their parents. Francie is able to avoid that stress by reading. Esperanza is slightly different from Francie. She uses her writing, not reading as a way for her to escape her reality. Specifically, Esperanza is interested in writing poems. She would always read her poems to her Aunt Lupe. Sadly, her Aunt Lupe dies of a mysterious disease and Esperanza no longer had anyone to share with. That was made even worse by the fact that Esperanza felt partially responsible for her Aunt’s death. That responsibility, even if it was not actually hers, was a big burden on Steers 3 Esperanza. Then Esperanza remembered something that her Aunt had said to her the last time that Esperanza had shared one of her poems with her aunt. â€Å"That’s nice. That very good she said in her tired voice. Esperanza, you must remember to keep writing. Always keep writing. It will keep you free.†(Cisneros 61) Esperanza had said that at the time she did not know what her Aunt Lupe meant, and when I first read that line, I had no idea either, but after reading it over I realized that she meant that Espeanza’s  writing would keep her free from reality and that no matter what happened to her, she could always find relief in writing. In the last vignette in the novella Esperanza says, â€Å" I make a story for my life, each step my brown shoe takes†¦ I like to tell stories. I am going to tell you the story of a girl who didn’t want to belong.†(Cisneros 109) This quote gave me the idea that the whole novella could have been Esperanza writing down her memories from Mango Street, as a way of letting go and moving on to the next place. However, that idea is not supported throughout the whole novella. In some vignettes, use of the resent tense makes it seem like Esperanza wrote things down as they happened and then later went back and edited them or added details. She is using her writing to set her self-free like her Aunt Lupe said. The last way that Esperanza is using writing to free herself and escape reality is that she is always going to be writing wherever she goes. One of the last lines of the novella is, â€Å"And I packed up my papers and pencil as I say goodbye to Mango Street.†(Cisneros 112) This shows that no matter where she goes or whatever troubles may befall her in her new home she will always have her writing to help escape reality and let go of the bad times. Steers 4 Another way that education helped Francie as she matured was that it helped open doors for her that led to a better life than what she had in Brooklyn. Francie was excited for school but she found the local public school cruel and mean, â€Å"and her learning was juxtaposed with the cruelties of the teacher’s and students.†(Smith 156) This quote clearly shows that the public school was not a good place to learn and that Francie would not be able to get a good education there. However, that did not stop her from getting an education. Her mother largely supported this. She pretended that she lived in a richer section of town, and her mother paid extra tuition so that she could go to a better school and receive a better education. I think one of the main reasons for this is that Katie, one of the â€Å"proud and strong Rommely women†, was too proud so she would not allow her daughter to receive a sub-par education. In this new school, children were not judged based on how rich or poor they were. Later on in the novel, after eighth grade graduation, when Katie is unable to support all three  kids after Johnny’s death and Francie’s education is cut short so that she can get a job and help support her family. At first this seemed unjust that Katie would have Francie deprived of an education when she could clearly do more with a good education and would do more things than Neeley would. I thought that Francie would feel indignant, about this treatment, however, the job did not discourage Francie from pursuing her education. Even though the Nolan’s could only afford to send one child to high school,(and Katie chose to send Neeley), Francie still found a way to enroll in college summer classes and was still able to pursue her dream of higher education. When I reflected on this I realized that Katie probably knew that Francie would not ever stop her from getting an education whereas she would Steers  have to force Neeley to go to school in order for him to get educated because he had an infinitesimal desire to learn. This really reinforced how passionate Francie is about her education, which was shown in the first chapters where she would go to the library and read books rather than spend her Saturday outside with the neighborhood kids. â€Å"Francie liked school in spite of all the meanness, cruelty and unhappiness. The regimented routine of many children, all doing the same thing at once, gave her a feeling of safety.†(Smith 161) This quote shows how Francie likes school because in a busy world, it is one of the few places that mollifies her anxiety. Francie ends up matriculating to college at the University of Michigan where she will finally get the education she deserves. The novel comes together and Francie finally is able to leave Brooklyn. Education opened doors for her and allowed her to lead a better life. Esperanza’s education and writing also opened doors for her and allowed her to leave Mango Street and let go of all the bad memories she had there. The writing helped very much as she matured and provided an outlet that she greatly needed in order to â€Å"let go† of Mango Street so she could move on and lead a good life. During her one year tenure on Mango Street Esperanza experiences and goes through many different and powerful things. She makes friends, hits puberty and becomes interested in boys, and even is sexually assaulted and betrayed by people who she thought were her friends. Many of these things would have been difficult to deal with, even traumatizing, if  Esperanza did not have her writing to use as an outlet. At the end of the novella, days before Esperanza is due to leave Mango Street her friend Alicia says, â€Å"Like it or not you are Mango Street. It is a part of you now.†(Cisneros 107) In this, Alicia is saying that Steers   Esperanza may leave the house on Mango Street but she will never be able to leave behind all of the memories she has there. If this was true, I think that it would be detrimental to Esperanza as she matures even more in becoming a true adult because during her time on Mango Street, she had some adult experiences and went through too much too fast. I believe that if Esperanza were unable to truly leave behind Mango Street it would hinder her maturing greatly. However, because of her writing, Esperanza can write everything down as a way of distancing herself from her experiences on Mango Street. This will make so that she can mature as an adult without complications and eventually make her able to lead a successful and fulfilling life. Both of these young women use education as the focal point of their coming of age. It helps them to escape their realities and let things go, and also to pursue higher education and a better life so that later they may come back and help others do the same. Works Cited Page †¢ Smith, Betty. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. New York: HarperPerennial, 2006. Print. †¢ Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1994. Print.

How has technology over the years affected society today?

My essay will contain facts and answers about cell phones and if they are helping us or not and also how smart phones are actually making us stupid. It is getting bad, 37% of adults have admitted to being addicted to their smart phones while 60% of children and teens have admitted to being addicted to their smart phones. And Apple isn’t exactly helping with this. They have sold 33. 8 million I phones, 14. 1 million I pads and 4. 6 million Macs this quarter. In case you didn’t know a quarter in the business world is 4 months.And that’s just Apple alone, in the first three months of 2013 there have been an estimated 405 million cell phones sold with 216 million being smart phones and 189 million being regular cell phones. Smart phones, they have completely changed the way we communicate. We use them for everything entertainment, math, translation of languages, cameras, and even the Internet it really is mind blowing to think of what can be done with a Smartphone. H ave you ever heard someone say â€Å"there’s an app for that†? Well that’s because there is probably an app for just about everything.There are apps that your animals can play apps for your toddler and for your parents too. Whatever happened to cat toys, hot wheels and books? I mean honestly smart phones kill, how many lives would have been saved if we didn’t have smart phones how many lives could we have saved if we didn’t have that one app or internet connection? It’s also been worse since texting was made illegal because everyone try’s to hide it under the dashboard or god knows what other ways people try to hide phones, takes their eyes off the road and then veer and crash.It has got to the point where every part of daily life is run by our phones we use them to fall asleep wake up figure out what clothes we want to wear today and so on. Did you know sixty two percent of Americans admitted to relying on smartphones to get through their day? But on that note don’t get me wrong there are some advantages to smartphones like how they are a popular communication device, some apps are useful, the built in gps can get you out of some bad situations. it really just depends on the user it could be a 16 year old girl sending 30 texts a minute or it could be a 50 year old man taking 15 minutes to say what’s up.Which leads to another point of why old people shouldn’t use smartphones they set themselves up to be a danger to society if god wanted someone to take 15 minutes to say â€Å"hey† he would have given them a stutter. They need help most the time they use it, it would be simpler to own a regular phone that costs twenty dollars than have a three hundred or four hundred dollars. And when they do have smartphones they don’t use ninety percent of the apps or things like that when that’s what smartphones are for.