Measuring Media Effectiveness in Bangladesh Essay

The media comprises predominantly of TV, radio, press, web and film. This immense measure of cash is spent on promoting essentially to create:Advertising/Total Brand Awareness: Consumer has been acquainted with or reminded about the Brand Familiarity: Consumer perceives explicit brand names Brand Imagery: Consumer concurs with positive ascribes explicit to singular brands Purchase Intent: Consumer plans to buy the brand So, as a major measure of cash is related to the media, the advertisers endeavor o know how helpful these media will be in accomplishing these objectives. Advertisers have gotten progressively mindful of the ramifications of a changing media scene. For instance, proceeding with media discontinuity implies that a progressively mind boggling exhibit of media plans are conceivable. Given that a few media plans will be significantly more fruitful than others at drawing in with purchasers and conveying showcasing gainfulness, advertisers need to realize how to build the ch ances of finding the ideal media blend to make promoting progress. 1. 1 Motivation and Rationale of Study Individuals from various segment bunches are presented to media in various manners. And furthermore not every person is presented to all the media. So it is significant for the advertiser to know which media will be proper to arrive at his objective market and when and how that media ought to be utilized. The advertiser needs to know how successful will a media be to accomplish the showcasing objectives. There are a few Medias like TV, press, radio, web and film and consequently the advertiser has to know which media will draw out the best result from his commercials. In such a case that the advertiser can't arrive at the objective market with the chose media, the assigned spending will be squandered and the promoting objectives won't be accomplished This examination paper has attempted to take care of these issues of the advertiser by giving a thought regarding the media setting of Bangladesh. This examination clarifies how helpful the TV, radio, print and web media will be in creating:Advertising/Total Brand Awareness: Consumer has been acquainted with or reminded about the Brand Familiarity: Consumer perceives explicit brand names Brand Imagery: Consumer concurs with positive credits explicit to singular brands Purchase Intent: Consumer expects to buy the brand 1. 2 Method of Study The strategy utilized for this exploration was Personal in home overview where the specialist by and by visited the respondents with the poll and asked and disclosed the inquiries to the respondents. So the respondent comprehends the inquiries obviously and can think before they answer. An example size of 100 was chosen through advantageous testing strategy yet in addition extraordinary consideration has been taken about keeping up a reasonable blend of various age gatherings and sexual orientations to get a fair outcome. As this exploration just endeavors to gauge the media viability, so the accompanying 2 presumptions/theory are made:1. All media are similarly costly 2. All notices are of equivalent quality These two suppositions are made to take out the blunders in estimating the media adequacy. In such a case that these two presumptions are acknowledged then the accomplishment of the notice will exclusively rely upon which media was utilized. 1. 3 Overall Objective The general goal of this exploration paper is to gauge the adequacy of media in Bangladesh by discovering the impact of every media on accomplishing the promoting objectives.

Seven Approaches to Studying the Human Body

When examining the human body, there are seven hierarchical methodologies. Each approach contemplates the body in an alternate yet one of a kind way and is utilized in the medicinal services field. The methodologies comprise of; body planes and headings, body pits, quadrants and locales, life systems and physiology, infinitesimal and naturally visible, body frameworks and clinical claims to fame. There are three body planes which utilize various bearings: coronal, sagittal, and transverse planes. Coronal plane cuts the body from head to toe giving a front and back view.There are two bearings that are connected with it; foremost back, moving from the outside of the body through the foremost part then the back segment, and back front, which is its converse. Sagittal plane chops the body directly down the center giving a privilege and left view. Moving medially is to go inwards or towards the center of the body all things considered and to go along the side is as though moving out or fr om the midline towards the outside of the body. In conclusion, transverse plane partitions the body giving a top and base segments. The top half is predominant and the lower half is inferior.Moving cephalad is moving superiorly, and cuadad is moving poorly. Radiologists would utilize this methodology when seeing x-beams or MRI sweeps to separate how the picture was taken. There are five areas of honor space, known as depressions, in the human body, all of which extend one another. Beginning from the head is the cranial pit that secures the mind, at that point the spinal depression that movements down the center of the back, at that point in the chest is the thoracic hole where the lungs, heart and throat are, next is the stomach cavity which is around the muscular strength and last is the pelvic pit where the hip bones lay.An ultrasound professional would utilize this methodology when anticipating pictures from inside the body hole onto the screen. The way to deal with use quadrants and areas is to split the abdominopelvic region into four sections, which are quadrants, and afterward into nine sections out of that which give you districts. (â€Å"Scribd. com†, 2010) This strategy can be utilized as a source of perspective to where the organs are situated in which region. For example, in the left lower quadrant is the lower some portion of the kidney, some portion of the colon, and the left ovary for ladies. This sort of chart would help ith position the organs. In the wellbeing field, doctors allude to this during an interior test. As indicated by â€Å"Degreedirectory. org† (1999), life systems contemplates the structure of organs and cells. Since cells are a tiny size the most ideal approach to consider, utilizing this methodology is with a magnifying lens, which is, a device used to look at cells. Physiology is the investigation of the capacity of organ and cells. Organs are of a naturally visible size that implies it tends to be seen with the unaided eye. These methodologies can be utilized from numerous points of view in wellbeing care.An orthopedic would examine muscles and ligaments or an immunologist would consider platelets utilizing a magnifying instrument. The human body is comprised of a few distinct sorts of frameworks. This implies every framework is comprised of a couple of organs, which synchronize with each other and work as a unit. Organs can't perform without the assistance of different organs in their unit. The entirety of the organs bolster each other to play out their capacities. The gastrointestinal framework separates the nourishments we eat into protein, nutrients, fats and starches, which is utilized for vitality, development and repair.The organs in the respiratory framework are the nose, trachea and lungs. These organs help carry air into the body and dispense with the carbon dioxide. There is a framework that goes about as a protection called the lymphatic framework and goes through the entire b ody. This system’s fundamental capacity is to make white platelets that go about as malady battling antibodies. The integumentary framework comprises of the skin, hair, nails, organs, and nerves. This system’s fundamental capacity is to act like a hindrance to monitor the body from the outside world. The skeletal framework secures the organs.It is comprised of bones, tendons, joints and ligaments. It gives backing and structure to the body and a spot for muscle connection and development. At the end of the day, it holds the body up. Without the skeletal framework the human body would be not able to walk or hold up. The solid framework works with the skeletal framework to control the development of the human body. There are two kinds of muscles; ones that are deliberate, for example, moving an arm or leg and ones that are automatic and follow up on their own, for example, the beating of a warmth or stomach.

How Psychoanalysis Influenced the Field of Psychology

How Psychoanalysis Influenced the Field of Psychology History and Biographies Print The Influence of Psychoanalysis on the Field of Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 13, 2019 Laurence Mouton / Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Basic Tenets History Important Milestones Major Thinkers Key  Ideas Weaknesses Strengths Modern Relevance Support and Criticism Its Past and Present Its Future View All Back To Top Psychoanalysis  is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques that have their origin in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud. The core idea at the center of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories. By bringing the content of the unconscious into conscious awareness, people are then able to experience  catharsis  and gain insight into their current state of mind. Through this process, people are then able to find relief from psychological disturbances and distress. Basic Tenets of Psychoanalysis The way that people behave is influenced by their unconscious drivesThe development of personality is heavily influenced by the events of early childhood; Freud suggested that personality was largely set in stone by the age of five.Bringing information from the unconscious into consciousness can lead to catharsis and allow people to deal with the issuePeople utilize a number of defense mechanisms to protect themselves from information contained in the unconsciousEmotional and psychological problems such as depression and anxiety are often rooted in conflicts between the conscious and unconscious mindA skilled analyst can help bring certain aspects of the unconscious into awareness by using a variety of psychoanalytic strategies such as dream analysis and free association History of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud  was the founder of psychoanalysis and the psychodynamic approach to psychology. This school of thought emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements:  the id, the ego, and the superego. Freuds theories of  psychosexual stages, the unconscious, and dream symbolism remain a popular topic among both psychologists and lay persons, despite the fact that his work is sometimes viewed with skepticism by many today. Many of  Freuds observations and theories  were based on clinical cases and case studies, making his findings difficult to generalize to a larger population. Regardless, Freuds theories changed how we think about the human mind and behavior and left a lasting mark on psychology and culture. Another theorist associated with psychoanalysis is  Erik Erikson. Erikson expanded upon Freuds theories and stressed the importance of growth throughout the lifespan. Eriksons  psychosocial stage theory of personality remains influential today in our understanding of human development. According to the American Psychoanalytic Association, psychoanalysis helps people understand themselves by exploring the impulses they often do not recognize because they are hidden in the unconscious. Today, psychoanalysis encompasses not only psychoanalytic therapy but also applied psychoanalysis (which applies psychoanalytic principles to real-world settings and situations) as well as neuro-psychoanalysis (which applied neuroscience to psychoanalytic topics such as dreams and repression). While traditional Freudian approaches may have fallen out of favor, modern approaches to psychoanalytic therapy emphasize a nonjudgmental and empathetic approach. Clients are able to feel safe as they explore feelings, desires, memories, and stressors that can lead to psychological difficulties. Research has also demonstrated that the self-examination utilized in the psychoanalytic process can help contribute to long-term emotional growth. Important Milestones 1856 â€" Sigmund Freud was born1886 â€" Freud first began providing therapy1892 â€" Josef Breuer described the case of Anna O to Freud1895 â€" Anna Freud was born1900 â€" Sigmund Freud published his book  The Interpretation of Dreams1896 â€" Sigmund Freud first coined the term psychoanalysis1907 â€" The Vienna Psychoanalytic Society was formed1908 â€" The first international meeting of psychoanalysts was held1909 â€" Freud made his first and only trip to the United States1913 â€" Jung broke from Freud and psychoanalysis1936 â€" The Vienna Psychoanalytic Society was renamed and became the International Psychoanalytic Association1939 â€" Sigmund Freud died in London following a long battle with mouth cancer Major Thinkers Sigmund Freud  was the founder of psychoanalysis, but other thinkers including his own daughter  Anna Freud  also left a significant mark of the field as it grew and evolved. Some of these important theorists included  Erik Erikson,  Erich Fromm,  and Carl Jung. Other key psychoanalysts include  Karl Abraham,  Otto Rank, John Bowlby,  Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, and  Sabina Spielrein. Key  Ideas Psychoanalysis also involves a number of different terms and ideas related to the mind, personality, and treatment. Case Studies A case study  is defined as an in-depth study of one person. Some of Freuds most famous case studies include Dora, Little Hans, and  Anna O. and had a powerful influence on the development of his psychoanalytic theory. In a case study, the researcher attempts to look very intensely at every aspect of an individuals life. By carefully studying the person so closely, the hope is that the researcher can gain insight into how that persons history contributes to their current behavior. While the hope is that the insights gained during a case study might apply to others, it is often difficult to generalize the results because case studies tend to be so subjective. The Conscious and Unconscious Mind The  unconscious mind  includes all of the things that are outside of our conscious awareness. These might include early childhood memories, secret desires, and hidden drives. According to Freud, the unconscious contains things that may be unpleasant or even socially unacceptable. Because these things might create pain or conflict, they are buried in the unconscious.   While these thoughts, memories, and urges might be outside of our awareness, they continue to influence the way that we think, act and behave. In some cases, the things outside of our awareness can influence behavior in negative ways and lead to psychological distress.   The  conscious mind  includes everything that is inside of our awareness. The contents of the conscious mind are the things we are aware of or can easily bring into awareness. The Id, Ego, and Superego Id: Freud believed that personality was composed of three key elements. The first of these to emerge is known as the id. The id contains all of the unconscious, basic and primal urges. Ego:  The second aspect of personality to emerge is known as the ego. This is the part of the personality that must deal with the demands of reality. It helps control the urges of the id and makes us behave in ways that are both realistic and acceptable. Rather than engaging in behaviors designed to satisfy our desires and needs, the ego forces us to fulfill our needs in ways that are socially acceptable and realistic.  In addition to controlling the demands of the id, the ego also helps strike a balance between our basic urges, our ideals, and reality. Superego:  The superego is the final aspect of personality to emerge and it contains our ideals and values. The values and beliefs that our parents and society instill in us are the guiding force of the superego and it strives to make us behave according to these morals. The Egos Defense Mechanisms A  defense mechanism  is a strategy that the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety. These defensive tools act as a safeguard to keep the unpleasant or distressing aspects of the unconscious from entering awareness. When something seems too overwhelming or even inappropriate, defense mechanisms help keep the information from entering consciousness in order to minimize distress. Weaknesses Psychoanalysis grew in its influence over the course of the early twentieth century, but it was not without its critics.   Freuds theories overemphasized the unconscious mind, sex, aggression and childhood experiences.Many of the concepts proposed by psychoanalytic theorists are difficult to measure and quantify.Most of Freuds ideas were based on case studies and clinical observations rather than empirical, scientific research. Strengths Despite its critics, psychoanalysis played an important role in the development of psychology. It influenced our approach to the treatment of mental health issues and continues to exert an influence in psychology to this day. While most psychodynamic theories did not rely on experimental research, the methods and theories of psychoanalytic thinking contributed to the development of experimental psychology.Many of the theories of personality developed by psychodynamic thinkers are still influential today, including  Eriksons theory of psychosocial stages  and  Freuds psychosexual stage theory.Psychoanalysis opened up a new view on mental illness, suggesting that talking about problems with a professional could help relieve symptoms of psychological distress. Modern Relevance When you ask people to list the things that spring to mind when they think about psychology, Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis pop up quite frequently. There is no question that psychoanalysis, both as a therapeutic approach and theoretical outlook, has certainly left its mark on psychology. There are a few people still left who take a purely psychoanalytical point of view on human behavior. Most psychologists today employ a more eclectic approach to the field of psychology. In fact, many contemporary psychologists view psychoanalysis with skepticism. Some even feel derision for Freuds school of thought. But is this fair? In a world of  psychology  where cognitive processes, neuroscience, and biopsychology dominates, is there still room for psychoanalysis? There have been a few recent reports on the general decline of traditional psychoanalysis: A report published by the American Psychoanalytic Association found that psychology departments typically treat  psychoanalysis  purely as a historical artifact, while subjects such as art, literature, history, and other humanities subjects were more likely to teach psychoanalysis as an ongoing and relevant topic.A 2007 article in  The New York Times  also noted the decline of psychoanalysis within psychology. So why has psychoanalysis fallen by the wayside as an academic topic within psychology? Part of the problem, some suggest, stems from psychoanalysiss failure to test the validity of its therapeutic approach and earlier failures to ground the discipline in evidence-based practices. Support and Criticism Criticisms aimed at psychoanalysis: Some suggest that psychoanalysis is not as effective as other treatments. Part of the reason many are so skeptical of psychoanalysis today is that the body of evidence supporting its effectiveness has often been viewed as weak. However, some of the research on the effectiveness of psychoanalysis has yielded support for this treatment modality. One meta-analysis found that psychoanalysis could be as effective as other therapeutic approaches. Other studies suggest that psychoanalysis may be effective in the treatment of depression, drug dependence, and  panic disorder. In one recent review looking at the effectiveness of psychoanalysis, researcher and psychoanalyst Peter Fonagy suggested that that psychodynamic therapy could be effective in the treatment of depression, eating disorders, somatic disorders, and some anxiety disorders. Psychoanalysis often requires an investment of time, money, and effort. Another issue is that psychoanalysis is generally a long-term proposition. We live in a time when people seek fast-results and approaches that yield an effect in days, weeks  or months -  psychoanalytic therapy  often involves a client and therapist exploring issues over a period of years. Using the criteria established for evidence-based treatment, traditional psychoanalysis alone does not, in fact, pass muster as a method of therapy for the large majority of  psychological disorders, suggested psychologist Susan Krauss Whitbourne in an  article  for  Psychology Today. However, to dismiss Freud’s contributions as irrelevant to psychology, as [the  New York Times  article] implies, is an oversimplification. Past and Present Many of Freuds ideas have fallen out of favor in psychology, but that certainly does not mean that his work is without merit. His approach to therapy - the suggestion that mental illness was treatable and that talking about problems could bring relief - was a revolutionary concept that left a lasting mark on how we approach the treatment of mental illness. And research has supported at least some of Freuds original ideas. Recent reviews of neuroscientific work confirm that many of Freuds original observations, not least the pervasive influence of non-conscious processes and the organizing function of emotions for thinking, have found confirmation in laboratory studies, explained Peter Fonagy in an article published in  World Psychiatry. It is also important to remember that  Sigmund Freud  was also very much a product of his time. While he was known for his oftentimes audacious theories (considered especially shocking during the Victorian period), his view of the world was colored by the time in which he lived. So what path would psychoanalysis take today if Freud were alive in our time? If Freud were alive today, writes Fonagy, he would be keenly interested in new knowledge about brain functioning, such as how neural nets develop in relation to the quality of early relationships, the location of specific capacities with functional scans, the discoveries of molecular genetics and behavioral genomics and he would surely not have abandoned his cherished Project for a Scientific Psychology, the abortive work in which he attempted to develop a neural model of behavior. One important thing to note, explains Whitbourne, is that while psychoanalysis might be on the decline, it does not mean that the  psychodynamic perspective  is dead. Psychologists today talk about the  psychodynamic, not the  psychoanalytic perspective, she writes, As such, this perspective refers to the dynamic forces within our personalities whose shifting movements underlie much of the basis for our observable behavior. Psychoanalysis is a much narrower term referring to the Freudian-based notion that to understand, and treat, abnormal behavior, our  unconscious  conflicts must be worked through. Psychoanalysis as Freud conceived it might certainly be on the decline, but that doesnt mean that the psychodynamic perspective has disappeared or that it will be going anywhere soon. The Future of Psychoanalysis So what can psychoanalysis do to ensure its continued relevance in the world of psychology? According to Fonagy, an emphasis on science is the key.Empirical research and evidence-based treatments need to be explored in greater depth.Fonagy also suggests that improved data-gathering methods, consideration of other possible explanations for behavior, and active collaboration with other mental health professionals can improve the legitimacy and relevance of psychoanalytic methods.Some current efforts to revitalize psychoanalysis focus on psychoanalytic concepts that are more evidence-based (such as attachment theory) or on connecting Freuds idea of the unconscious to modern neuroscience. Clearly, Freuds mark on psychology is still being felt today.  Talk therapy may be best associated with psychoanalysis, but therapists often utilize this technique in a range of other treatment approaches including  client-centered therapy,  and  group therapy. Psychoanalysis might not be the force it was back in 1910, but Freuds theories have had a lasting influence on both popular culture and psychology.

Analyzing Morrison´s Beloved - 1339 Words

The novel Beloved by Toni Morrison weaves a story about African American refugee slaves caught between remembering and forgetting what they have been through. Morrison, although evoking various complex emotions from her readers, has structured the novel so that we are unable to identify with any of the characters, especially Sethe, due to how slavery has deconstructed their lives. Slavery brings down these characters, causing them to lose their individuality. As a result of their sub-human treatment they are handled as if they were animals that are not up to the capacity of human intelligence; managed as possessions that know no freedom. Some may say that it is possible to identify with at least one character, but through Morrison’s use of†¦show more content†¦She did not look at them she simply swung the baby toward the wall planks, missed and tried to connect a second time (Morrison 175). White people in this time could never understand the physical and emotional harm that the slaves endured. In their eyes they do not know why a black person would try so hard to escape and do anything in their power to avoid their lives of slavery. Having a white person’s perspective included in the novel keeps readers at a distance from the characters experiencing the trauma, because now the readers also have twisted interpretations presented to them, rather than just that of the main character. White people talk about black people as possessions that bear no meaning, hence the lack of emotional connection. Slavery was a daily routine for the black people who had become property and were treated like possessions as if they were animals. To some extent they may have felt as if they were animals, consumed with feelings of self-doubt and insignificance. Morrison uses animal imagery as a way to stop readers from identifying with her characters because as humans we are not meant to relate to animals. The characters in the novel are constantly being compared to animals. The slave masters view themselves as the superior species and black people as sub-human untrustworthy, wild, and uncontrollableShow MoreRelatedBeloved, By Toni Morrison1571 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, Beloved, written by Toni Morrison, many themes and symbols played a crucial role when analyzing a variety of different characters. One specific theme that has had an everlasting effect between characters and relationships throughout the novel is the transformation of the theme thick love. The idea of love in Toni Morrison s Beloved is a complicated subject to understand. If love wasn t hard enough to figure out, it is made more complex through the evils of slavery during this timeRead MoreThe And Invisible Man By Toni Morrison And Ralph Ellison1726 Words   |  7 PagesRace, class, and economic standing are all social issues that are prominent in both Beloved and Invisible Man. Toni Morrison and Ralph Ellison are both American novelists who have created emotional stories based on raw and authentic black history. African-American individuals were immobilized, forced to be isolated while searching for an identity in a world that chose to see them as the un-American race. While analyzing these two novels, I will be using a Marxists lens to identify the social and historicalRead More`` Beloved `` By Toni Morrison Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pages Distinguished African-American novelist, Toni Morrison, in her notoriously suspenseful anachronic masterpiece, Beloved, tells the story of a fugitive slave na med Sethe who escaped from the Sweet Home plantation in Kentucky to Cincinnati, Ohio, a free state. She lives freely with her husband’s grandmother for twenty-eight days until the slave masters come to capture her. Frightened, she attempts to murder all of her children to prevent them from living a life of dehumanized servitude but only succeedsRead MoreThe Dynamics Of Love : Toni Morrison s Beloved2402 Words   |  10 PagesMorrison’s Beloved â€Å"The need of a love-relationship is the fundamental thing [in life].† (Guntrip 45) Love - possibly one of the most universally known yet personally exclusive emotion felt by man. In merely one word, â€Å"love† is used to express the love between a person and an object, a parental figure and his/her dependent, two people in a platonic relationship, and even the bond between two lovers. Love can also come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and even magnitudes. Throughout her novel, Beloved, ToniRead MoreOedipus The King Essay : Similarities And Differences Essay2013 Words   |  9 Pagesinescapable. In beloved, the story begins in Ohio where Sethe who is a former slave, lives with her daughter Denver who is 18-years old. The entire story revolves around Sethe who killed her child to hide her from the slave catchers, and the dead child is called beloved. The ghost of Beloved ends up haunting 124 in which Sethe and Denver live together. Are the main ideas presented in b oth novels similar? The paper below will address the issue of similarities and differences by analyzing the differentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Beloved 4041 Words   |  17 PagesNeoshua Butler Senior Seminar Nov.7, 2015 Kee Trapped in the Disillusionment called Beloved The story of Beloved is a fragmented telling of many ex-slaves’ lost history. The story was set during the Reconstruction era and gave voice to individual slave stories demonstrating how culture and philosophy are developed. Throughout the novel and the film adaptation, the influence memory has on identity is demonstrated not only amongst the main characters but also the community. According to Jan AssmanRead MoreHow Slavery Can Affect The Mother s Mind And Threaten Motherhood3396 Words   |  14 PagesGothic Fiction Beloved— an historical novel based on pregnant runaway slave, Margaret Garner — which is a slave narrative that follows the lives of the main characters: Sethe, a former and runaway slave from a plantation called Sweet Home, Denver, her daughter, together with Paul D, a wanderer who is Sethe’s love interest and a former slave from Sweet Home. An important event in this slave narrative that the reader should know about is that Sethe welcome a newborn child, Beloved, as a fugitiveRead MoreThe Horrors Of Slavery And Through Fiction, By Toni Morrison1941 Words   |  8 Pages Beloved is not just the story of a ghost that came to haunt the living. Behind the word engraved on a tombstone, there is the history and the memory of an entire people. With this novel of a new genre, Toni Morrison delves into the horrors of slavery and through fiction, depicts the suffering and the lives of her ancestors. Yet far from being a documentary, the novel raises the question of amnesia in America regarding its own history. This is done through denouncing the excesses of a segregationRead MoreBlack Naturalism and Toni Morrison: the Journey Away from Self-Love in the Bluest Eye8144 Words   |  33 Pagespostmodernism with its emphasis on race, class and gender, but the theory of naturalism as well: the idea that one s social and physical environments can drastically affect one s nature and potential for surviving and succeeding in this world. In this article, I will explore Toni Morrison s The Bluest Eye from a naturalistic perspective; however, while doing so I will propo se that because Morrison s novels are distinctly black and examine distinctly black issues, we must expand or deconstruct the traditionalRead MoreRelationship Between Mothers and Daughters in Toni Morrisons Recitatif4756 Words   |  20 Pages10 11 13 14 1.1 The author – Toni Morrison 2. 3. Introducing â€Å"Recitatifâ€Å" Relationship between mothers and daughters 3.1 Relationship between Twyla and her mother 3.2 Relationship between Roberta and her mother 3.3 Role of Maggie 4. Conclusion Sources 1. Introduction Although Toni Morrison is best known for African – American literature, I do not want to put all my focus on this topic. The short story â€Å"Recitatif† contents many issues which are worth analyzing, but I want to concentrate on mother

The Gap Between Development And Underdevelopment - 1361 Words

In Walter Rodney’s book he emphasizes the difference between development and underdevelopment. According to Rodney, development is defined as a many sided process involving individuals, social classes, and society as a whole. At the level of the individual it’s represented by increased skill, greater freedom, creativity, self-discipline, responsibility and material well-being. Rodney paid more attention to material well-being, freedom and skill at this individual representation. For Rodney the individual development is directly linked to the development of the state. For the second side of development, social class/group, Rodney states that development implies an increasing capacity to regulate both internal and external relationships. For the society as a whole, development shows how man has the ability to overcome downfalls and better their lives through making use of the earth’s resources available to him. In Rodney’s book, he points out how Africa fits into these definitions of development, but more so how they fit into the definition of underdevelopment. Developed states are characterized by being highly industrialized, they have low unemployment, improved social services, advanced farming industries with the technology to produce more in less time and with fewer people. Underdevelopment should not be understood as the opposite or lack of development but the very low level of development of a particular state when in comparison to other states (especially wealthierShow MoreRelatedDependency Theory vs Modernization Theory1322 Words   |  6 Pagesexplanations of underdevelopment differed, experts such as Brooks and Hallward viewed the natural disaster in Haiti to be so destructive mainly due to its poverty. By diminishing the level of poverty in countries such as Haiti, it is possible to make them less vulnerable to many of the problems they face. To reduce poverty it is important for societies to accept development strategies. What exactly is development and how can it be achieved? Development is a process in which we attempt to bri dge the gap betweenRead MoreThe Causes Of Poverty And Underdevelopment1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe causes of poverty and underdevelopment are related in both the theories of Modernisation and Dependency. These theories discover and explain views regarding the modern world, existing relationships and differences between the Third World and developing countries. Both theories have similarities and differences in their approaches to poverty and undeveloped countries. Both suggest solutions offering different strategies to improve the gaps and communication between developed and underdevelopedRead MoreThe Causes Of Poverty And Underdevelopment1563 Words   |  7 Pagesof poverty and underdevelopment are found in both theories of Modernisation and Dependency. Both of the theories discover and explain their views regarding the modern world, existing relationships and differences between the Third World and developing countries. The theories both have similarities and differences in th eir approaches to poverty and undeveloped countries. Solutions are suggested by both theories, giving different strategies to improve the gaps or connections between the developed andRead MoreEscaping the Traps to Find Success692 Words   |  3 Pagesdifficult to escape all the traps. 2. Inequality Factors 3. Government 4. Developing Nations 5. Corruption 6. China ´s Private Sector 1. It is possible but difficult to escape all the traps. Poverty trap/underdevelopment trap is created when the poor don’t have ability to gain sufficient amount of credit to get out of the trap for generations. If inequality is enormous, the poor cannot get access to loans for their children’s education and for them to start aRead MoreEssay on Taking a Closer Look at the Modernization Theory1117 Words   |  5 Pagesinvention of the concepts of development and underdevelopment is attributable to the former U.S. President Harry Truman, in a speech in January 1949, stressed the need to help the underdeveloped countries. In an international context of profound change following the Second World War and the process of decolonization that followed, the United States , then became superpower , proposed to establish a new world order in which the conflicting worldviews stand down mutual development ; The aim is to enableRead MoreRelationship Between The Slave Trade And Africa1055 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch to find if there is any relationship between the slave trade and Africa’s current underdevelopment, used data from different shipping records and historical documents reporting slave ethnicities, and he came up with estimates of the number of slaves exported from each country in Africa during Africa’s four slave trades. He found a robust negative relationship between the number of slaves taken from a country and its subsequent economic development. Which means, the slave trade can be consideredRead MoreModernization Theory Vs Dependency Theory1227 Words   |  5 Pagesexplanations towards underdevelopment, experts like David Brooks and Peter Hallward have described the natural disaster in Haiti to be brutally destructive primarily due to its poverty. With this said, by reducing the poverty level in countries such as Haiti, it is possible to avoid the many dis asters that they face. Reducing poverty means that society must accept development. What is development and how can it be achieved? Development is simply to break the barrier between development and underdevelopedRead MoreEssay on Urban bias as a major impediment to rural development1594 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Urban bias has been presented as a major impediment to rural development because it perpetrates discriminatory policies which create and perpetuate disparities between urban and rural areas and consequently the development of urban areas at the expense of rural areas. This paper examines how urban bias, to a large extent, is the major impediment to rural development owing to its skewed policies and to down development approaches. Urban bias proponents, chief among them Lipton (1977), argue thatRead MoreThe World Of World War I1293 Words   |  6 Pagespillars: the gold standard, free trade, communication and transportation, and capital and labor labor mobility. After facing two world wars and a worldwide economic depression, economists and governments from around the world implemented several development strategies. Some strategists tried to rebuild the order from before World War I in a more flexible and stable way while others bucked the traditional world order all together in an attempt to develop more quickly. While import-substituting industrializationRead MoreWhat Are 5 Key Points Made By The Speaker?872 Words   |  4 Pagescountries. He also compared the income distribution in the world and found out that there wasn’t a gap between rich and poor anymore and that there were a lot of countries that were in the middle and had 24% of the income. Looking at the graph, the actual distribution was mounded shaped while it used to be a bump. He shows that it is dangerous to use average data because there is a lot of differences between countries and that policy makers have to take that into consideration while designing the laws

The Internet †Pros and Cons Free Essays

In the age of the technological development nobody who moves with the times can imagine existing without the Internet. However, its popularity makes us bear in mind all its side effects. Many argue that the Internet is a treasury of information while the others find it as a source of misleading information and danger. We will write a custom essay sample on The Internet – Pros and Cons or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, is the Internet a force for good or a force for evil? Firstly, the Internet is an invaluable tool which helps students learn. Without any effort we can gain an access to the study aids. Furthermore, we can save time avoiding queues thanks to a large selection of online stores, which is particularly important for the disabled. Moreover, the Internet gives an opportunity to get in touch with new people from all over the world and keep in touch with the loved ones. However the Internet cannot be always shown in favourable light. First and foremost, the Internet is incredibly addictive – surfers are often not able to bear without checking their mail hundreds of times per day. Moreover, unlimited possibilities of communication with surfers cause losing an active social life in the real world. Lastly, inappropriate information as even pornography await under-age users at every turn. To sum up, there are many advantages and disadvantages of the Internet. Some people say the Internet has ruined our lives but in my opinion it transformed the world for the better. Although the Internet may be dangerous, it is a great invention and a window to the world. How to cite The Internet – Pros and Cons, Papers

The Internet †Pros and Cons Free Essays

In the age of the technological development nobody who moves with the times can imagine existing without the Internet. However, its popularity makes us bear in mind all its side effects. Many argue that the Internet is a treasury of information while the others find it as a source of misleading information and danger. We will write a custom essay sample on The Internet – Pros and Cons or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, is the Internet a force for good or a force for evil? Firstly, the Internet is an invaluable tool which helps students learn. Without any effort we can gain an access to the study aids. Furthermore, we can save time avoiding queues thanks to a large selection of online stores, which is particularly important for the disabled. Moreover, the Internet gives an opportunity to get in touch with new people from all over the world and keep in touch with the loved ones. However the Internet cannot be always shown in favourable light. First and foremost, the Internet is incredibly addictive – surfers are often not able to bear without checking their mail hundreds of times per day. Moreover, unlimited possibilities of communication with surfers cause losing an active social life in the real world. Lastly, inappropriate information as even pornography await under-age users at every turn. To sum up, there are many advantages and disadvantages of the Internet. Some people say the Internet has ruined our lives but in my opinion it transformed the world for the better. Although the Internet may be dangerous, it is a great invention and a window to the world. How to cite The Internet – Pros and Cons, Papers

Sales Promotion Tools Behavioral Responses -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Sales Promotion Tools Behavioral Responses? Answer: Introduction Marketing management is the process of developing strategies and planning for the product or services, promotion, advertisement, and sales to reach desired customer segment. Every business in the competitive world needs the manager who maintains and monitor the process related to the marketing the products (Hollensen, 2015). Digital communication is one of the effective ways through which the managers can perform their activity of promoting a product easily (Lapidoth, 2017). The report includes the current value analysis and the marketing promotion plan. The beachfront motel that is selected for the analysis is Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn. Background The aim of the motel is to provide the luxuries suites and rooms to the customers with the lovely views of the suits. The aim of the company is to fulfill the needs and expectations of the customers which lead to the satisfaction of customers. Company overview Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn is on Tasmanias North West coast which is situated at Burnie. Burnie is a place that is located in the center of North West Coast; it is sited on the Bass Highway. Bass highway is a coastal drive that is dotted with the beautiful capes, villages, and headlands that is related by the lots of the white sandy beaches (Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn, 2017). This motel is placed in the front of the town's beach which helps the company is attracting the maximum number of customers who like to stay in the place where they can enjoy the view of the sea. The rooms of the hotels are categorized into three Categories Sea View Executive Suite and Balcony, Executive Suite and standard suite (Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn, 2017). The major facilities that are offered by the company include bar, car park, conference/function facilities, laundry, and restaurants. Target market of company Target markets refer to as the group of customers or potential customers to whom the company offers its product and services. In simple words, it can be said that it is a group who is most likely to buy the products and services offered by the customers (Bowie, Buttle, Brookes, Mariussen, 2016). Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn targets the customers who want motel at the beachside. The company offers the three different categories of rooms to the customers that include- Sea View Executive Suite and Balcony, Executive Suite and Standard Suite (Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn, 2017). Thus, the motel targets the customers arrived for the business meetings or for the visit purpose. The primary target of the company is the customers who like prefer Sea View Executive Suite and Balcony and these customers include the couples and family. Value of position compared to competitors The competitors of the Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn include Beachway Motel Restaurant, Waterfront Lodge Motel, and Mantra Lorne. These are the few motels that give strong competition to the company. Beachway Motel Restaurant is one of the strong competitors as it is having the rating of the 4.5 out of 5 which is quite high then the company. The company has the rating of 3.5 out of 5 at Trip advisor (Trip Advisor, 2017). The reason being, the customer service provided by the competitor is better than the company and the locations of the motel are near to the town at the beachside which provides the convenience to the customers to visits the town as it is only 4 Km. Justification for proposing better value The company can propose the better value by providing the attractive deals especially for the couples and bachelors along with the extended services. Currently, the motel is targeting the people who are travelers for the business meetings or the people having the demand of Beachfront motel but now the company should think to increase the target market by targeting to the bachelors and the customers who want to book the motel for events. Research methods The research method is border term and the core of the research method is Data collection and Data analysis. Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn needs the data collection and analysis to get the details related to the customer value, target market and the competitions value propositions. There are two types of data primary and secondary data (MacKenzie, Podsakoff Podsakoff, 2011). The primary data is the type of the data which was not published before and this data is collected for the specific purpose. On the other hand, the secondary data define as a type of data that was previously published in any of the sources beings its newspapers, books, online portals and journal articles. There are different tools and techniques of information collection that are used by the companies. These methods include observing behavior, Questionnaire method, interviews, and schedules method. Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn makes use of the secondary research method to analyze and gather the details related to the target market and customer value. The interviews and the observations help the motel in understanding the target market and the competitors value proposition (Doz, 2011). The interviews will provide a platform to the customers to express their opinions related to the motel. One of the effective ways to express their opinion about the motel is posting of feedbacks and comments on the online portal that provides the option of booking the motels such as TripAdvisor, MakeMyTrip, Priceline.com and many others. Questionnaires and surveys are one of the popular ways that help the motel in getting the feedback from the customers regarding the services that are liked or disliked. This helps the motel in improving the services which are not liked by the customers and will also try to bring the service which is suggested by the primarily targeted customers (Bryman Bell, 2015). Current value analysis Value analysis is an approach that reflects the value of the products and services that is provided by the company to its customers or potential customers. Customer perceived value The customer perceived value refers to as the value of the product and services for the customers provided by the motel. The motel is trying to provide the best services that lead to the satisfaction of the customers. The company provides the Free Wi-Fi facilities in all the rooms and 16 Foxtel channels. Guest of the Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn can enjoy the facility of the bar, a steak, and a seafood restaurant. Each of the suites of the motel includes the facility of a minibar, ironing facilities, electronic blankets and boast sea and beach views (Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn, 2017). Different customers have diverse perceived value for the location where they are staying. One of the guests Stephen, B has shared his experience with the motel on trip advisor. He stayed in the motel for 2 nights in the separate balcony views and enjoyed the sea view. He shared that the condition and infrastructure of the room were good along with the other facilities like a comfortable couch, table, street parking and the laundry for clothes. Service provided by the motel was impressive and the room was clean, conformable and spacious. A maximum number of guests found that the motel is good. Though, some guest shared that they faced the problems with the noise at the reception and in the hotel (Trip Advisor, 2017). Competitors value analysis The competitors of the motel consist of Beachway Motel Restaurant, Waterfront Lodge Motel, and Mantra Lorne. Out of these competitors, Beachway Motel Restaurant is giving strong competition by providing better facilities to the guests. The Motel provides the spacious and king size bed to the customers with the facility of TV, AC, a mini bar along with attractive and new dcor and carpets. The surroundings offered by motel make them feel like home which enhances the experience of the customers. Moreover, the motel is near to the town on the walking distance and the view of beach impresses the guests (Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn, 2017). The location of the company is one of the reason due to which maximum guest liked the facilities provided by this motel instead of Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn. Current value position of company The current value position of the company is appropriate considering the other competitors expect the Beachway Motel Restaurant as Mantra Lorne is motel at the beachfront is having the rating of 3.5 out of 5 which is almost equal. The current value position of the motel can be evaluated with the use of the value analysis framework which includes the emotional value, symbolic value, functional value, economic value and end value. Emotional value: - The staff of the motel is soft-spoken and helpful which improve the experience of the guests. The values and cultures of the company win the heart of the customers due to this emotional value the guest likes to visits the motel again because they know the values of the company and their staff (Expedia.co.in., 2017). Symbolic value: - The symbolic value reflects the status symbol of the customers if they stay in the motel. The motel comes under the standard hotel that doesnt create any impact on the status symbol of the customers. The company should enhance their symbolic value in the market by bringing new infrastructure and dcor of the motel. Economic value: - The economic value reflects the price that is kept by the motel, the price of the motel is far better than its competitors. In the Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn restaurants, the guest can enjoy the special menu of the seafood for only $18 which is the affordable amount. Affordability of the products and services will make the guest visit the motel again (Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn, 2017). Functional value: - The functional value is related to the process of the motel and the services provided by the motel to its customers. The process of the motel is smooth that ensures that the guests are not facing any difficulties due to a process of a motel. End value: - The end value reflects the satisfaction of the customers which come with the fulfillment of the needs and expectations of the company. Thus, there are many customers who are satisfied with the services provided by the company. These values reflect the current value position of the company and also help in evaluating the performance of the company. If any of the parameters of value is not able to deliver the desired value according to the expectations of the customers then the performance of the company needs improvement. Marketing promotional plan The marketing promotional plan is a strategy that is formed with the motive to promote the products and services offered by the company to its customers. Promotion is the functions of informing, persuading and influencing a purchase decision (Khan, 2014). Objective The objective of the marketing promotion plan is to make use of the 4 promotional mix elements in an effective way to enhance the number of guest and revenue along with the market share of the motel. These 4 promotional mix elements include advertisement, sales promotion, direct marketing and personal selling. The use of the promotional strategy is increasing day by day and most of the motels are making use of the digital communication. The image shows that the hotels and motel involved in the hospitality sector spend approximately 43% in mobile engagement. The mobile engagement of the users is increasing day to day and this is the reason the sector has decided to make use of the digital communication. Advertisement The advertisement is one of the most effective means of communication that is done to generate the awareness about the products and influence the decisions of the customers to purchase the product (Csikosova, Antoov ?ulkov, 2014). For Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn advertisement is essential to make the customer aware of the services that they promise to customers. The motel can make use of the advertisement platform to reach the large audience. The motel should provide the advertisement through print media which include magazine, newspaper, and journals along with the online advertisement. Sales promotion Sales promotion is one of the effective ways through which the company can promote the products in the market. In this type of promotion, the company provides the discount, gifts, coupons, email marketing, samples, rebates, refunds and many other such benefits that help the company in attracting the customers (Obeid, 2014). Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn can make use of the e-mails, discount coupons, and gift coupons through online medium. The deals are provided by the company through an online medium because the motel is aware that the use of the online for checking discount deals is increasing (Huang Sarigll, 2014). Personal selling The personal selling is one of the ways in which the employees of the company directly communicate with the customer and make them aware of the products and services they offer. Through this promotion mix, the Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn can provide the details related to the services which might help the company in grabbing the attention of the customers. Direct marketing Direct marketing used by the company that emphasis on promoting the specific product or service. There are different types of direct marketing such as SMS marketing, E-mail marketing, social media marketing or digital marketing (Lund Marinova, 2014). Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn is making the use of the social media technology for promoting the products as the company has provided the details related to the products and services through Facebook, one of the effective social media channel (Mangold Faulds, 2009). It is suggested to the company to start making the use of the other channels (Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn) for promoting products. Promotional Budget Digital Communication Budget Method Amount 1. Direct Marketing Online media Facebook $800.00 Twitter $1,000.00 LinkedIn $1,200.00 E-mail Marketing $400.00 Total Amount of Online Media through Direct marketing $3,400.00 2. Advertisement Print Media Newspaper $800.00 Journals $1,200.00 Online advertisement $600.00 Total amount of Advertisement $2,600.00 3. Personal selling Conducting Seminar and training $1,000.00 Funding $600.00 Total amount of Personal selling $1,600.00 4. Sales promotion Discount Coupons $500.00 Gift coupons $1,000.00 Total amount of sales promotion $1,500.00 Total amount $9,100.00 Conclusion The report is based on the Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn, a local motel situated in Australia. There is brief description related to the company and its target market along with the value proposition of the company. The consultant of the company performed the analysis to bring the improvement in the value analysis of the company. There are different methods that are used by the consultant to research the details related to the target market, company value and competitors value analysis. Moreover, the report includes the current value analysis along with the marketing promotional plan which includes the promotional strategy of the company along with the companys budget. References Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn. (2017). About Us. Viewed on 20th January 2018. https://www.beachfrontvoyager.com.au/about-us.html Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn. (2017). Rooms. Viewed on 20th January 2018. https://www.beachfrontvoyager.com.au/rooms.html Bernard, H. R. (2017).Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Rowman Littlefield. Bowie, D., Buttle, F., Brookes, M., Mariussen, A. (2016).Hospitality marketing. Taylor Francis. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Caroll, J. (2016). Future Trends in the Hospitality Industry: Millennials and Social Media Rule. Viewed on 20th January 2018. https://www.callboxinc.com/b2b-marketing-and-strategy/future-trends-in-hospitality-industry-millennials-and-social-media-rule/ Csikosova, A., Antoov, M., ?ulkov, K. (2014). Strategy in direct and interactive marketing and integrated marketing communications.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,116, 1615-1619. Doz, Y. (2011). Qualitative research for international business.Journal of International Business Studies,42(5), 582-590. Expedia.co.in. (2017). Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn. Viewed on 20th January 2018. https://www.expedia.co.in/Northwest-Tasmania-Hotels-Beachfront-Voyager-Motor-Inn.h519143.Hotel-Information?langid=2057regionId=11702semcid=IN.UB.GOOGLE.SEARCH.HOTELkword=ind_eng_int_pt_dsa_feed!e.ZzZz.4910001680612.0.196018754559..ind_eng_int_pt_dsa_feedsemdtl=a1630610720.b132157993320.d1196018754559.e1c.f11t1.g1aud-168216765194:dsa-286574005915.h1b.i19408736449.j19061783.k1.l1g.m1.n1gclid=EAIaIQobChMIv9azwojm2AIVyROPCh1eHwKAEAAYASAAEgL0avD_BwE Fusch, P. I., Ness, L. R. (2015). Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research.The Qualitative Report,20(9), 1408. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Khan, M. T. (2014). The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International journal of information, business and management,6(2), 95. Lapidoth, A. (2017).A foundation in digital communication. Cambridge University Press. Lund, D. J., Marinova, D. (2014). Managing revenue across retail channels: The interplay of service performance and direct marketing. American Marketing Association. MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., Podsakoff, N. P. (2011). Construct measurement and validation procedures in MIS and behavioral research: Integrating new and existing techniques.MIS quarterly,35(2), 293-334. Mangold, W. G., Faulds, D. J. (2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix.Business horizons,52(4), 357-365. Obeid, M. Y. (2014). The effect of sales promotion tools on behavioral responses.International Journal of Business and Management Invention,3(4), 28-31. Prince Line. (2017). Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn. Viewed on 20th January 2018. https://www.priceline.com/beachfront-voyager-motor-inn-burnie-tasmania-128256-hd.hotel-reviews-hotel-guides#details Tasmanias North West. (2017). Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn. Viewed on 20th January 2018. https://tasmaniasnorthwest.com.au/accommodation/beachfront-voyager-motor-inn/ Trip Advisor. (2017). Beachfront Voyager Motor Inn. Viewed on 20th January 2018. https://www.tripadvisor.in/Hotel_Review-g504286-d1793872-Reviews-Beachfront_Voyager_Motor_Inn-Burnie_Tasmania.html Trip Advisor. (2017). Beachway. Viewed on 20th January 2018. https://www.tripadvisor.in/Hotel_Review-g504333-d1597874-Reviews-Beachway-Ulverstone_Tasmania.html

Tactics in Negotiations

Introduction Just like many other business processes, there is an increasing need to use the principles of management during business negotiation. These principles include planning, organizing, directing and controlling. They aid in attaining completeness, as far as business negotiation processes are concerned. This paper explores the need to embrace each of these principles during business negotiation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tactics in Negotiations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Essence of planning, organizing, directing and controlling According to Lewicki and Hiam (2006), businesses negotiation comprises of different processes. This is why there is need to have adequate preparation for negotiation. Strategic planning is vital since it ensures that all the issues to be negotiated about are identified and clearly understood by the negotiating team. Planning also helps in addressing the critical issues that need to be captured during the entire process. This ensures that there is flow in negotiation. Organizing is another critical managerial principle in business negotiation. Organizing comes in during the pre-phases of negotiation. The essentiality of organizing during business negotiation revolves around the logistical issue that appertain the negotiation. Issues of venue, time, listing of issues to be negotiated about, and the approaches to be deployed in the process of negotiation are brought out (Lewicki Hiam 2006). Directing ensures that a certain level of command is attained by the negotiators in line with the main goals of the firm; which mostly revolve around business sustainability and profit making. Controlling ensures that the desired procedures are strictly adhered to during negotiation. Controlling also ensures that a desired level of flexibility is attained during the give and take part of the negotiation to ensure that the goals of a company are attained. Skills and competencies for effective business negotiation Business firms operate under a competitive environment. To this effect, any business negotiator has to be familiar with the prevailing aspects’ competitive dynamics in the market and the essential business strategies that can be used by firms to help ease the competitive pressure. Therefore, the first vital skill in business negotiation is to understand the microeconomic and macroeconomic dynamics in the business environment and how they affect the operations of a firm (Garrett, 2005). The main reason why a firm engages in business negotiations is to secure outcomes that can aid in increasing the business payoffs for the company. Therefore, business negotiators have to understand the business goals and objectives of the company in order to further them during the negotiations. This also entails understanding the business goals and objectives of the business partners in order to make reasonable demands and adjustments during the negotiation (Lewicki Hiam, 2006). Essence of understanding and applying different strategies of negotiation Several communicative attributes and strategies are deployed during business negotiation. Each of the strategies are applied with the aim of either ensuring that the negotiation flows or ensuring possible maximum payoffs are attained by the negotiating team. The planning stage in business negotiation entails the rehearsal stage.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rehearsal is meant to ensure that all the strategies that are to be used during business negotiation are mastered by the negotiating team. The technical areas of each of the strategies are developed during the rehearsals. The strategies that are deployed by a given team in the process of negotiation ought to be patterned by counter strategies from the other team. This implies that a mastery of massive busine ss negotiation strategies can help a firm to adjust and attain favorable outcomes (Cellich Jain, 2012). References Cellich, C., Jain, S. C. (2012). Practical solutions to global business negotiations. New York, NY: Business Expert Press. Garrett, G. A. (2005). Contract negotiations: Skills, tools, and best practices. Chicago, IL: CCH. Lewicki, R. J., Hiam, A. (2006). Mastering business negotiation: a working guide to making deals and resolving conflict. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. This essay on Tactics in Negotiations was written and submitted by user Jadiel K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Which Road

Which road you choose makes you who you are. Everyone is a traveler, and his or her journey is life. There is never a straight path that leaves one with a sole direction in which to head. Regardless of the original message that Robert Frost had intended to convey, his poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, has left its readers with many different interpretations. It is one’s past, present, and the attitude with which he looks upon his future that determines light that he will see the poem in. In any case, this poem clearly demonstrates Frost’s belief that it is the road a person chooses that makes him the man he is. Frost says, â€Å"and sorry I could not travel both†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is always difficult to make a decision because it is impossible not to wonder about the opportunity cost, what will be missed out on. There is a strong sense of regret before the choice is even made. The knowledge that in one lifetime it is impossible to travel down every path is upsetting to some people. In an attempt to make a decision, the traveler â€Å"looks down one as far as I could†. The road that will be chosen leads to the unknown, as does any choice in life. As much as he may strain his eyes to see what is down the road, eventually it surpasses his vision and he can never really see where the road is going to lead. The path that he chooses will set him off on his journey and decide where he is going. â€Å"Then took the other, just as fair, and having perhaps the better claim†. What made it have the better claim is that â€Å"it was grassy and wanted wear†. It was something obviously not for everyone because it seemed that the majority of people took the other path. Therefore, he calls it â€Å"the road less traveled by†. The fact that the traveler took this path over the more popular is a clear indicator as to his character. He is very secure and doesn’t necessarily need to follow the crowd but would rather do his own thi... Free Essays on Which Road Free Essays on Which Road Which road you choose makes you who you are. Everyone is a traveler, and his or her journey is life. There is never a straight path that leaves one with a sole direction in which to head. Regardless of the original message that Robert Frost had intended to convey, his poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, has left its readers with many different interpretations. It is one’s past, present, and the attitude with which he looks upon his future that determines light that he will see the poem in. In any case, this poem clearly demonstrates Frost’s belief that it is the road a person chooses that makes him the man he is. Frost says, â€Å"and sorry I could not travel both†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is always difficult to make a decision because it is impossible not to wonder about the opportunity cost, what will be missed out on. There is a strong sense of regret before the choice is even made. The knowledge that in one lifetime it is impossible to travel down every path is upsetting to some people. In an attempt to make a decision, the traveler â€Å"looks down one as far as I could†. The road that will be chosen leads to the unknown, as does any choice in life. As much as he may strain his eyes to see what is down the road, eventually it surpasses his vision and he can never really see where the road is going to lead. The path that he chooses will set him off on his journey and decide where he is going. â€Å"Then took the other, just as fair, and having perhaps the better claim†. What made it have the better claim is that â€Å"it was grassy and wanted wear†. It was something obviously not for everyone because it seemed that the majority of people took the other path. Therefore, he calls it â€Å"the road less traveled by†. The fact that the traveler took this path over the more popular is a clear indicator as to his character. He is very secure and doesn’t necessarily need to follow the crowd but would rather do his own thi...

Maths Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Maths Construction - Essay Example At 50⠁ °C the resistance is found to be 25.6 ohms and at 95⠁ °C the resistance is 36.2 ohms respectively. Find R0 and ÃŽ ± both algebraically and using graphical methods. Using graphical methods determines the resistance at 72⠁ °C. d) As an employee of company JR construction you have received a letter from a regarding the project your company is working on. It has a penalty clause that states the contractor will forfeit a certain sum of money each day for late completion. (I.e. The contractor gets paid the value of the original contract less any sum forfeit). If she is 5 days late, she receives  £4250 and if she is 12 days late she receives  £2120. Calculate the daily forfeit and determine the original contract value. Use both algebraic and matrix methods to solve this. e) Excel Electrical specializes in the batch production of electrical switchgear used in building services installations. The company has been asked to tender for equipment to be fitted in several hundred new stores planned by Setco Supermarkets. Data is available from ten previous production runs of components. c) Outline and apply an alternative means of assessing whether or not a linear relationship exists between the variables and determining the equation linking the two variables. Present and explain your conclusions. . (Singh & Baker, 2007, p.

Toyota Motor Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Toyota Motor Corporation - Essay Example The satisfaction with the existing quality offered has made these organizations try and improve the product quality by way of incorporating various quality management techniques in the production process (James, Rowland-Jones and O’Brien, 2009). As a result, researchers over the years have introduced a wide range of competing perspectives, each different from the other in terms of analytical frameworks and various terminologies. However, the foundation of each theory is the same; establishing a relationship between product quality and pricing strategy of the organization. The five important approaches towards quality management are as follows: Transcendent Approach: According to this view, quality of a product is associated with its innate excellence. It is universally acceptable and an absolute concept that deals with uncompromising standards and high levels of achievement. Nonetheless, proponents of the transcendent view are of the opinion that quality is an un-measurable concept and is better defined as the recognition of the product through experience or repeat usage of the consumers (Slack, Chambers and Johnson, 2004; Arnheiter and Harren, 2006). Product based Approach: The product based definition regards quality as a measurable and precise concept. The differences in quality of a product can be attributed to that in quantity of the ingredients used in its production, thereby resulting in faulty attributes of the output. For example, a high-quality rug or mattress would have a larger number of knots per square inch. Hence, this approach gives a hierarchical or vertical dimension to quality by providing ranks to goods based on their number of favorable attributes. This approach has been incorporated in the theoretical models of economics (Namkung and Jang, 2007). The two corollaries of this approach are; firstly, the higher cost is incurred while attaining higher quality as quality reflects the number of favorable ingredients used in the process of production.

Smart Music Player Integrating Facial Emotion Recognition

Smart Music Player Integrating Facial Emotion Recognition Smart Music Player Integrating Facial Emotion Recognition and Music Mood Classification 1Shlok Gilda, 2Husain Zafar, 3Chintan Soni, 4Kshitija Waghurdekar Department of Computer Engineering, Pune Institute of Computer Technology, Pune, India Abstract Songs, as a medium, have always been a popular choice to depict human emotions. Reliable emotion based classification systems can go a long way in facilitating this. However, research in the field of emotion based music classification has not yielded optimal results. In this paper, we present an affective cross-platform music player, EMP, which recommends music based on the real-time mood of the user. EMP provides smart mood based music recommendation by incorporating the capabilities of emotion context reasoning within our adaptive music recommendation system. Our music player contains three modules: Emotion Module, Music Classification Module and Recommendation Module. The Emotion Module takes an image of the user as an input and makes use of deep learning algorithms to identify the mood of the user with an accuracy of 90.23%. The Music Classification Module makes use of audio features to achieve a remarkable result of 97.69% while classifying songs into 4 different mood c lasses. The Recommendation Module suggests songs to the user by mapping the emotion of the user to the mood of the song, taking into consideration the preferences of the user. Keywords-Recommender systems, Emotion recognition, Music information retrieval, Artificial neural networks, Multi-layer neural network. I. Introduction Current research in the field of music psychology has shown that music induces a clear emotional response in its listeners[1]. Musical preferences have been demonstrated to be highly correlated with personality traits and moods. The meter, timber, rhythm and pitch of music are managed in areas of the brain that deal with emotions and mood[2]. Undoubtedly, a users affective response to a music fragment depends on a large set of external factors, such as gender, age[3], culture[4], preferences, emotion and context[5] (e.g. time of day or location). However, these external variables set aside, humans are able to consistently categorize songs as being happy, sad, enthusiastic or relaxed. Current research in emotion based recommender systems focuses on two main aspects, lyrics[6][12] and audio features[7]. Acknowledging the language barrier, we focus on audio feature extraction and analysis in order to map those features to four basic moods. Automatic music classification using some mood categories yields promising results. Expressions are the most ancient and natural way of conveying emotions, moods and feelings. The facial expression would categorize in 4 different emotions, viz. happy, sad, angry and neutral. The main objective of this paper is to design a cost-effective music player which automatically generates a sentiment aware playlist based on the emotional state of the user. The application designed requires less memory and less computational time. The emotion module determines the emotion of the user. Relevant and critical audio information from a song is extracted by the music classification module. The recommendation module combines the results of the emotion module and the music classification module to recommend songs to the user. This system provides significantly better accuracy and performance than existing systems. II. Related Works Various methodologies have been proposed to classify the behaviour and emotional state of the user. Mase et al. focused on using movements of facial muscles[8] while Tian et al.[9] attempted to recognize Actions Units (AU) developed by Ekman and Friesen in 1978[10] using permanent and transient facial features. With evolving methodologies, the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for emotion recognition has become increasingly popular[11]. Music has been classified using lyrical analysis[6][12]. While this tokenized method is relatively easier to implement, on its own, it is not suitable to classify songs accurately. Another obvious concern with this method is the language barrier which restricts classification to a single language. Another method for music mood classification is using acoustic features like tempo, pitch and rhythm to identify the sentiment conveyed by the song. This method involves extracting a set of features and using those feature vectors to find patterns characteristic to a specific mood. III. Emotion Module In this section, we study the usage of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to emotion recognition[13][14]. CNNs are known to simulate the human brain when analyzing visuals; however, given the computational requirements and complexity of a CNN, optimizing a network for efficient computation is necessary. Thus, a CNN is implemented to construct a computational model which successfully classifies emotion in 4 moods, namely, happy, sad, angry and neutral, with an accuracy of 90.23%. A.   Dataset Description The dataset we used for training the model is from a Kaggle Facial Expression Recognition Challenge, FER2013[15]. The data consists of 4848 pixel grayscale images of faces. Each of the faces are organized into one of the 7 emotion classes: angry, disgust, fear, happy, sad, surprise, and neutral. For this research, we have made use of 4 emotions: angry, happy, sad and neutral. There is a total of 26,217 images corresponding to these emotions. The breakdown of the images is as follows: happy with 8989 samples, sad with 6077 samples, neutral with 6198 samples, angry with 4953 samples. B. Model Description A multi-layered convolutional neural network is programmed to evaluate the features of the user image[16][17]. The convolutional neural network contains an input layer, some convolutional layers, ReLU layers, pooling layers, and some dense layers (aka. fully-connected layers), and an output layer. These layers are linearly stacked in sequence. 1) Input Layer: The input layer has fixed and predetermined dimensions. So, for pre-processing the image, we used OpenCV for face detection in the image before feeding the image into the layer. Pre-trained filters from Haar Cascades along with Adaboost are used to quickly find and crop the face. The cropped face is then converted into grayscale and resized to 48-by-48 pixels. This step greatly reduces the dimensions from (3, 48, 48) (RGB) to (1, 48, 48) (grayscale) which can be easily fed into the input layer as a numpy array. 2) Convolutional Layers:A set of unique kernels (or feature detectors), with randomly generated weights, are specified as one of the hyperparameters in the Convolution2D layer. Each feature detector is a (3, 3) receptive field, which slides across the original image and computes a feature map. Convolution generates different feature maps for the same input image. Distinct filters are used to perform operations that represent how pixel values are enhanced, for example, blur and edge detection. Filters are applied successively over the entire image, creating a set of feature maps. In our neural network, each convolutional layer generates 128 feature maps. Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) has been used after every convolution operation. After a set of convolutional layers, a popular pooling method, MaxPooling, was used to reduce the dimensionality of each feature map, all the while retaining the critical information. We used (2, 2) windows which consider only the maximum pixel values within the window from the feature map. The pooled pixels form an image with dimensions reduced by 4. Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) has been used after every convolution operation. 3) Dense Layers:The output from the convolutional and pooling layers represent high-level features of the input image. The dense layer uses these features for classifying the input image into various classes. The features are transformed through the layers which are connected with trainable weights. The network is trained by forward propagation of training data and then backward propagation of its errors. Our model uses 2 sequential fully connected layers. The network generalizes well to new images and is able to gradually make adjustments until the errors are minimized. A dropout of 20% was applied in order to prevent overfitting of the training data. This helped us control the models sensitivity to noise during training while maintaining the necessary complexity of the architecture. 4) Output Layer:We used softmax as the activation function at the output layer of the dense layer. Thus, the output is represented as a probability distribution for each emotion class. Models with various combinations of hyper-parameters were trained and evaluated utilizing a 4 GiB DDR3 NVIDIA 840M graphics card using the NVIDIA CUDA ® Deep Neural Network library (cuDNN). This greatly reduced training time and increased efficiency in tuning the model. Ultimately, our network architecture consisted of 9 convolutional layers with one max-pooling after every three convolution layers followed by 2 dense layers, as seen in Figure 1. C. Results The final network was trained on 20973 images and tested on 5244 images. At the end, the model achieved an accuracy of 90.23%. Table 1 displays the confusion matrix for the module. Evidently, the system performs very well in classifying images belonging to the angry category. We also note interesting results under happy and sad category owing to the remarkable differences in Action Units as mentioned by Ekman[11]. The F-measure of this system comes out to be 90.12%. IV. Music Classification Module In this section, we describe the procedure that was used to identify the mapping of each song with its mood. We extracted the acoustic features of the songs using LibROSA[18], aubiopitch[19] and other state-of-the art audio extraction algorithms. Based on these features, we trained an artificial neural network which successfully classifies the songs in 4 classes with an accuracy of 92.05%. The classification process is described in Figure 2. A.Dataset Description The dataset comprises of 390 songs spread across four moods. The distribution of the songs is as follows: class A with 100 songs, class B with 93 songs, class C with 100 songs and class D with 97 songs. The songs were manually labelled and the class labels were verified by 10 paid subjects. Class A comprises of exciting and energetic songs, class B has happy and joyful songs, class C consists of sad and melancholy songs, and class D has calm and relaxed songs. 1) Preprocessing: All the songs were down sampled to a uniform bit-rate of 128 kbps, a mono audio channel and resampled at a sampling frequency of 44100 Hz. We further split each song to obtain clips that contained the most meaningful parts of the song. The feature vectors were then standardized so that it had zero mean and a unit variance. 2) Feature Description: We identified several mood sensitive audio features by reading current works[20] and the results from the 2007 MIREX Audio Mood Classification task[21][22]. The candidate features for the extraction process belonged to different classes: spectral (RMSE, centroid, rolloff, MFCC, kurtosis, etc.), rhythmic (tempo, beat spectrum, etc.), tonal mode and pitch. All these descriptions are standard. All the features were extracted using Python 2.7 and relevant packages[18][19]. After identifying all the features, we used Recursive Feature Elimination (or RFE) to select those features that best contribute to the accuracy of the model. RFE works by recursively removing attributes and building a model on those attributes that remain. It uses the model accuracy to identify which attributes (and combination of attributes) contribute the most to predicting the target attribute. The selected features were pitch, spectral rolloff, mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, tempo, root mean square energy, spectral centroid, beat spectrum, zero-cross rate, short-time Fourier transform and kurtosis of the songs. B. Model Description A multi-layered neural network was trained to evaluate the mood associated with the song. The network contains an input layer, multiple hidden layers and a dense output layer. The input layer has fixed and predetermined dimensions. It takes the 10 feature vectors as input and uses ReLU operation to provide non-linearity to the dataset. This ensured that the model performs well in real-world scenarios as well. The hidden layer is a traditional multi-layer perceptron, which allowed us to make combination of features which led to a better classification accuracy. The output layer used a softmax activation function which produces the output as a probability for each mood class. C. Results We achieved an overall classification accuracy of 97.69% and F1 score of 97.692% after 10-fold cross-validation using our neural network. Table 2 displays the confusion matrix. Undoubtedly, the level of performance of the music classification module is exceptionally high. V. Recommendation Module This module is responsible for generating a playlist of relevant songs for the user. It allows the user to modify the playlist based on her/his preferences and modify the class labels of the songs as well. The working of the recommendation module is explained in Figure 3. A. Mapping and Playlist Generation Classified songs are mapped to the users mood. This mapping is as shown in figure 1. The system was developed after referring to the Russell 2-D Valence-Arousal Model and Geneva Emotion Wheel.After the mapping procedure is complete, a playlist of relevant songs is generated. Similar songs are grouped together while generating the playlist. Similarity between songs was calculated by comparing songs over 50ms intervals, centered on each 10ms time window. After empirical observations, we found that the duration of these intervals is on the order of magnitude of a typical song note. Cosine distance function was used to determine the similarity between audio files. Feature values corresponding to an audio file were compared to the values (for the same features) corresponding to audio files belonging to the same class label. The recommendation engine has a twofold mechanism; it recommends songs based on: 1. Users perceived mood. 2. Users preference. Initially, a playlist of all songs belonging to the particular class is generated. The user can mark a song as favorite depending on her/his choice. A favorite song will be assigned a higher priority value in the playlist. Also, the interpretation of the mood of a song can vary from person to person. Understanding this, the user is allowed to change the class label of the songs according to their taste of music. B. Adaptive Music Player We were able to implement an adaptive music player by the use of a very popular online machine learning algorithm, Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)[23]. If the user wants to change the class of a particular song, SGD is implemented considering the new label for that specific user only. Multiple single-pass algorithms were analyzed for their performance with our system but SGD performed most efficiently considering the real-time nature of the music player. Parameter updates in SGD occur after processing of every training example from the dataset. This approach yields two advantages over the batch gradient descent algorithm. Firstly, time required for calculating the cost and gradient for large datasets is reduced. Secondly, integration of new data or amendment of existing data is easier. The frequent, highly variant updates demand the learning rate ÃŽÂ ± to be smaller as compared to that of batch gradient descent[23]. VI. Conclusion The results obtained above are very promising. The high accuracy of the application and quick response time makes it suitable for most practical purposes. The music classification module in particular, performs significantly well. Remarkably, it achieves high accuracy in the angry category; it also performs specifically well for the happy and calm categories. Thus, EMP reduces user efforts for generating playlists. It efficiently maps the user emotion to the song class with an excellent overall accuracy, thus achieving optimistic results for 4 moods. References [1] Swathi Swaminathan, E. Glenn Schellenberg. Current Emotion Research in Music Psychology, Emotion Review Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 189 ­-197, April 2015 [2] How music changes your mood, Examined Existence. [Online]. Available: http://examinedexistence.com/how-music-changes-your-mood/. Accessed: Jan. 13, 2017 [3] Kyogu Lee and Minsu Cho. Mood Classification from Musical Audio Using User Group-dependent Models. [4] Daniel Wolff, Tillman Weyde and Andrew MacFarlane. Culture-aware Music Recommendation [5] Mirim Lee, Jun-Dong Cho. Logmusic: Context-Based Social Music Recommendation Service on Mobile Device, Ubicomp 14 Adjunct, September 13-17, 2014, Seattle, WA, USA. [6] D. Gossi and M. H. Gunes, Lyric-based music recommendation, in Studies in Computational Intelligence. Springer Nature, 2016, pp. 301-310. [7] Bo Shao, Dingding Wang, Tao Li, and Mitsunori Ogihara. Music Recommendation Based on Acoustic Features and User Access Patterns, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUDIO, SPEECH, AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 17, NO. 8, NOVEMBER 2009 [8] Mase K. Recognition of facial expression from optical flow. IEICE Transc., E. 74(10):3474-3483, 0ctober 1991. [9] Tian, Ying-li, Kanade, T. and Cohn, J. Recognizing Lower. Face Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG00), March, 2000, pp. 484 490. [10] Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for Measurement of Facial Movement. Consulting Psychologists Press Palo Alto, California, 1978. [11] Gil Levi and Tal Hassner, Emotion Recognition in the Wild via Convolutional Neural Networks and Mapped Binary Patterns [12] E. E. P. Myint and M. Pwint, An approach for mulit-label music mood classification, 2010 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing Systems, Dalian, 2010, pp. V1-290-V1-294. [13] Peter Burkert, Felix Trier, Muhammad Zeshan Afzal, Andreas Dengel and Marcus Liwicki. DeXpression: Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Expression Recognition [14] Ujjwalkarn, An intuitive explanation of Convolutional neural networks, the data science blog, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://ujjwalkarn.me/2016/08/11/intuitive-explanation-convnets/. Accessed: Jan. 13, 2017. [15] Ian J. Goodfellow et al., Challenges in Representation Learning: A report on three machine learning contests [16] S. Lawrence, C. L. Giles, Ah Chung Tsoi and A. D. Back, Face recognition: a convolutional neural-network approach, in IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 98-113, Jan 1997. [17] A. KoÅ‚akowska, A. Landowska, M. Szwoch, W. Szwoch, and M. R. WrÃÅ' obel, Human-Computer Systems Interaction: Back-grounds and Applications 3, ch. Emotion Recognition and Its Applications, pp. 51-62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. [18] Brian McFee, ., Matt McVicar, ., Colin Raffel, ., Dawen Liang, ., Oriol Nieto, ., Eric Battenberg, ., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Adrian Holovaty, . (2015). librosa: 0.4.1 [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.32193 [19] The aubio team, Aubio, a library for audio labelling, 2003. [Online]. Available: http://aubio.org/. Accessed: Jan. 13, 2017. [20] E. E. P. Myint and M. Pwint, An approach for mulit-label music mood classification, 2010 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing Systems, Dalian, 2010, pp. V1-290-V1-294. [21] J. S. Downie. The music information retrieval evaluation exchange  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (mirex). D-Lib Magazine, 12(12), 2006. [22]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Cyril Laurier, Perfecto Herrera, M Mandel and D Ellis,Audio music mood classification using support vector machine [23] Unsupervised feature learning and deep learning Tutorial, [Online]. Available: http://ufldl.stanford.edu/tutorial/supervised/OptimizationStochasticGradientDescent/. Accessed: Jan. 13, 2017

Sex Education Taught to 8 Year Olds

Eight-year-old children are being targeted for more detailed sex education in schools. In Christchurch today, Family Planning is launching a new resource for teachers of late-primary and intermediate-age children. The launch has upset the conservative lobby group Family First, which is urging Family Planning to â€Å"butt out† and leave sex education to parents. The resource, called The Sexuality Road, is aimed at younger children because research shows that they are now entering puberty earlier. Young people have a right to understand what is happening to their bodies and their emotions,† Family Planning director of health promotion Frances Bird said. â€Å"Sexuality education that works starts early, before young people reach puberty, and before they have developed established patterns of behavior. † The Sexuality Road provides teachers with a programme of 10 lessons and evaluations per year. Each year comes with lesson plans, activity worksheets, and resources. Year 5 and 6 (nine and 10-year-old) pupils look at pubertal change, friendships, gender, families, menstruation, fertility, conception and personal support. Year 7 and 8 pupils focus more on changing feelings and emotions and their effects on relationships, sexual attraction, decision-making around sexual attraction, conception and birth, contraception and support agencies. Bird said international evidence showed children were entering puberty earlier than had been seen in decades. The average age of puberty for girls in New Zealand had fallen to between nine and 14 and for boys, it was between 11 and 16, Bird said. â€Å"Some people are concerned that providing information about sex and sexuality arouses curiosity and can lead to sexual experimentation. There is no evidence that this happens,† she said. New Zealand teenagers rate second-highest in the developed world for teen pregnancies. The Press last month revealed research showing more than a third of 16-year-olds have already had sex and half say they have been in love. An Education Review Office report, commissioned by the ministries of Women's Affairs, Health and Education, found at least half of all sex education in schools was presented by teachers with no qualifications in the subject. Liggins Institute director, and newly appointed chief science adviser, Professor Peter Gluckman has earlier called for action to address the â€Å"emerging national crisis,† in sex education for younger children. â€Å"Sex and health education has to become mainstream and away from the idea that it's only for the physed teacher who is least equipped to deal with it,† Gluckman said. Family First national director Bob McCoskrie said children should be taught sex education by their parents when they were ready. â€Å"The simple message to Family Planning is `butt out and leave it to parents',† McCoskrie said. Parents know their kids the best. They know their emotional and moral development best and have their own values. Family Planning should not be interacting with kids of that age. † McCoskrie said schools had become â€Å"one-stop shops† for dealing with social problems in the community. Some parents felt overawed by â€Å"the sex talk† with their children, so resources should be put in to helping them better understand what was required, McCoskrie said. â€Å"It needs to be values-based and we think parents are the ones who determine the values. Bird said children should be exposed to a range of values, attitudes and opinions. According to a survey run on the Netmums parenting website, the majority of parents believe children should start learning about sex and relationships when they are eight years old. I can hear them already. The shocked and outraged tones of the other â€Å"moral† majority reacting to yet another progressive plot to corrupt children. â€Å"We'll have no sex education here! † Or if we must, let them wait until they're actually doing it. That is sad, because such views are themselves transformative, turning sex from a natural and evolving topic to a dangerous threshold, making childhood sexualisation more, not less, likely. Talking about sex starts much earlier transforms the likelihoods that children will be better informed. Children use sexual terms long before they reach the age of eight (year 3). Listening recently to year 1 conversations, I overheard boys talking about â€Å"having sex† (they mean â€Å"cuddling†). They insult each other using terms such as â€Å"gay†. Discussion of sex runs through the playground discourse like Blackpool through a stick of rock: it's just very badly formed. Talking about sex needs to start earlier so that children will not be confused at a leter time when it is learned thru their peer group. A straw poll of local school kids suggests little useful sex education is received before the age of 13. That's two years after the average age at which girls begin their periods – five years after some. If you're not told about such stuff at home, how terrifying to be eight and suddenly bleeding. A range of studies report puberty starting earlier in western societies – and while the reality of sexual experimentation may not be as graphic or extreme as the tabloids would have us believe, that, too, can begin long before 13. Sexual orientation and identity, too, can be obvious at a very early age (from six onward): once more, how scary to grow in an atmosphere that makes â€Å"queers† always the butt of jokes with no balancing official information. Sex doesn't have to be sexual in nature. Many of the dirtiest, smuttiest most adult things about sex are just that: adult. There is a depressing read-across from adult values to child: many people assume that a child doing something â€Å"sexy† understands their behavior and intends the result. Children learn through play. Girls dress, use makeup and dance in ways that would be erotic if their mums did them – but absolutely aren't when they do. Children can be educated about sex without focusing on the erotic. It's never too young to learn respect for the beliefs of sexually actions. The most misleading thing about this debate is that opponents caricature sex education as being about just one thing. In fact, broad and structured sex education will provide grounding in relationships, biology, safety, health, respect for others and consent. These will be introduced at the appropriate point using language appropriate to the age discovering them. In a world in which many adult relationships continue to be conducted through the emotions of childhood – and one in four women (and one in five men) are still suffering domestic violence – early sex ed is as much about learning the most basic of lessons – the right to say no – as anything else.